Analytical Evaluation and Experiment of the Dynamic Characteristics of Double-Thimble-Type Fiber Bragg Grating Temperature Sensors
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Structure and Principle
2.1. Structure and Encapsulation
2.2. Theoretical Derivations of Temperature Sensitivity
2.3. Dynamic Heat Transfer Process
2.4. Theoretical Derivations of Temperature Sensor Dynamic Response
3. Numerical Simulation and Experiments
3.1. Simulation of Temperature Sensor Dynamic Response
- The fiber grating, outer thimble, filling material, and inner thimble are considered as isotropic materials, and their thermophysical parameters are constant. The material characteristics are shown in Table 1.
- The outer thimble surface of the sensor is in contact with air, and it is set as a fluid–solid interface coupling surface, and the natural convection heat transfer coefficient of air is set to 20 . The interface between the sensor surface and the air is set as a nonslip boundary condition.
- To calculate the time required for the response process of the sensor by setting the ambient temperature to 80 C and the sensor temperature to 20 C, a solution is performed every 0.2 s to calibrate the sensor.
- To calculate the time required for the recovery process of the sensor by setting the ambient temperature to 20 C and the sensor temperature to 80 C, a solution is performed every 0.2 s to get the heat dissipation process of the sensor.
3.2. Experiment of FBG Temperature Sensitivity
3.3. Experiment of Response Time
4. Discussion
- In the production of the copper-medium FBG sensor, there is a certain gap between the copper thimble and the inner thimble, and between the copper thimble and the outer thimble. There is a large contact thermal resistance on these contact surfaces, and the heat transfer is greatly affected. Based on this, the established equal-scale three-dimensional simulation model also has two gaps. However, this structure is not considered in the transient heat conduction mathematical model, the ideal contact model (the copper is in good contact with the inner and outer thimble) is applied, so the time constant obtained by the mathematical model is smaller than that of the other two methods.
- It can be seen that the time response of the sensor is related to the heat storage capacity and thermal conductivity of the packaging material. In different research methods, the response speed of the air-medium FBG temperature sensor is more than 20% faster than that of the grease-medium FBG sensor, and more than 30% faster than that of the copper-medium FBG sensor. The smaller the heat storage capacity and the larger the heat transfer coefficient, the faster the response of the sensor.
- In the heating process, the system has an infinite external heat source, but in the cooling process, the heat source is the finite heat absorbed by the sensor. So, in the heating and cooling process, the difference in heat density causes the time constant is shorter during the heating phase than the cooling phase.
- For the same encapsulation structure, the response and recovery times obtained by different research methods are consistent and the deviation is within the acceptable range (except the copper-medium FBG sensor), indicating that the analytical solution and finite element simulation of the transient heat conduction model have certain engineering application value.
- The model of the sensor is based on an air bath, that is, the heat exchange method with the external environment is natural convection heat exchange. In actual engineering applications, the environment the double-thimble FBG temperature sensor is exposed to is water or concrete with a larger contact heat transfer coefficient, so the sensor has a faster response speed.
5. Conclusions
- The response speed depends on the thermal properties of the sensor encapsulation materials.
- The time constant depends on whether the sensor is heated or cooled, heating time response for the sensor is shorter than the cooling time response.
- The dynamic performance of the sensor can be verified quickly and effectively by establishing a transient differential equation and finite element model based on heat balance.
- This work can provide inspections for the trial manufacture and dynamic calibration of FBG temperature sensors.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Physical Parameters | Outer Thimble | Inner Thimble | Filling Layer | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
304# Stainless Steel | Red Copper | Air | Thermal Grease | Red Copper | |
3.46 | 1.01 | 7.85 | 7.85 | 7.85 | |
1.13 | 3.77 | 9.65 | 9.65 | 9.65 | |
16.2 | 401 | 0.026 | 10 | 401 | |
8055 | 8900 | 1.1614 | 2013 | 8900 | |
480 | 385 | 1007 | 850 | 385 | |
4.67 | 1.34 | 6.26 | 6.78 | 4.06 |
Type of FBG Sensor | Mathematical Model/s | Simulation Results/s | Experiments Results/s | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Air | 116 | 109 | 123 | 100 | 120 |
Grease | 146 | 137 | 149 | 136 | 196 |
Copper | 78 | 190 | 209 | 153 | 214 |
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Luo, C.; Wang, H.; Zhang, D.; Zhao, Z.; Li, Y.; Li, C.; Liang, K. Analytical Evaluation and Experiment of the Dynamic Characteristics of Double-Thimble-Type Fiber Bragg Grating Temperature Sensors. Micromachines 2021, 12, 16. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi12010016
Luo C, Wang H, Zhang D, Zhao Z, Li Y, Li C, Liang K. Analytical Evaluation and Experiment of the Dynamic Characteristics of Double-Thimble-Type Fiber Bragg Grating Temperature Sensors. Micromachines. 2021; 12(1):16. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi12010016
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuo, Chuan, Han Wang, Dacheng Zhang, Zhengang Zhao, Yingna Li, Chuan Li, and Ke Liang. 2021. "Analytical Evaluation and Experiment of the Dynamic Characteristics of Double-Thimble-Type Fiber Bragg Grating Temperature Sensors" Micromachines 12, no. 1: 16. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi12010016
APA StyleLuo, C., Wang, H., Zhang, D., Zhao, Z., Li, Y., Li, C., & Liang, K. (2021). Analytical Evaluation and Experiment of the Dynamic Characteristics of Double-Thimble-Type Fiber Bragg Grating Temperature Sensors. Micromachines, 12(1), 16. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi12010016