Evolution of Biochip Technology: A Review from Lab-on-a-Chip to Organ-on-a-Chip
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. BioMEMS
3. Microfluidics
4. Lab-on-a-Chip
Lab-on-a-Chip Devices for Point-of-Care Diagnostics
5. Organ-on-a-Chip
5.1. Current Organ-on-a-Chip Platforms
5.1.1. Lung
5.1.2. Cardiovascular
5.1.3. Brain
5.1.4. Liver
5.1.5. Kidney
5.1.6. Gut
5.1.7. Skin
5.2. Body-on-a-Chip
5.3. Organ-on-a-Chip Market
6. Discussion and Future Perspectives
7. Conclusions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
List of Acronyms
BioMEMS | Biomedical Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems |
CE | Capillary Electrophoresis |
CMs | Cardiomyocytes |
CROs | Contract research organizations |
ECM | Extracellular Matrix |
GC | Gas Cromatography |
GPC | Gas-phase chromatography |
hCG | human Chorionic Gonadortropin |
HPLC | High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography |
hPSCs | human Pluripotent Stem Cells |
iPSCs | Induced-pluripotent stem cells |
IC | Integrated Circuits |
IL | Interleukin |
LOC | Lab-on-a-chip |
MEMS | Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems |
OOC | Organ-on-a-chip |
PBPK | Pharmacokinetics |
PD | Pharmacodynamics |
PDMS | Polydimethylsiloxane |
POC | Point-of-Care |
PTFE | Polytetrafluoroethylene |
R&D | Research and development |
UV | Ultraviolet |
μTAS | Micro-Total Analysis Systems |
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Company Name | Materials and Manufacturing | Analytes | Applications | Sample Types | Signal Detection | Highlights of Technology Suited for POC |
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Abaxis | Plastic disc | Small molecules, proteins | Blood chemistries (e.g., metaboliteselectrolytes) | Whole blood | Absorbance | Compact analyzer, injection-molded plastic discs, no pre-processing of sample |
Advanced Liquid Logic | Glass, insulated electrodes | Small molecules, proteins, nucleic acids | HIV/AIDS, Iysosomal storage disease | Whole blood | Fluorescence, chemiluminescence | Sample pre-processing compact, benchtop analyzer, manipulation of nano-and micro-droplets |
Alere(formerly inverness Medical) | Plastic and elastically deformable materials | Proteins, cells | HIV/AIDS, clotting time | Whole blood | Fluorescence | Disposable cartridge, portable analyzer, automated image-based immune hematology test |
Biosite (Alere) | Strip with textured microstructures | Small molecules, proteins | Cardiovascular disease, drugs of abuse, waterborne parasites | Whole blood, plasma | Fluorescence | Portable reader, disposable capillary-driven microfluidic test strips |
Cepheid | Disposable plastic cartridge | Nucleic acids | Respiratory infections (bacterial and viral), cancer | Whole blood, sputum | Fluorescence (with molecular beacons) | Disposable cards with benchtop analyzer, on-card sample processing (sputum) |
Daktari Diagnostics | Plastic cartridge | Cells | HIV/AIDS | Whole blood | Electrochemical (impedance spectroscopy) | Handheld instrument, label-free electrochemical sensing of captured cell lysate |
Diagnostic For All | Paper | Small molecules, Proteins | Liver damage from HIV/AIDS medication | Whole blood, urine | Colorimetric | Instrument-free tests based on paper, capillary-driven microfluidics, colorimetric readout |
Epocal (Alere) | Film, epoxy laminates | Small molecules | Blood chemistries | Whole blood | Electrochemical, chemiluminescence | Self-contained cards, patterned electrodes for sensing, wireless data transmission |
Focus Dx (Quest) | Plastic (polypropylene) | Nucleic acids | Flu, intestinal pathogens | Nasal and pharyngeal swabs | Fluorescence | Portable detector, discs with on-board extraction |
HandyLab (BD) | Disposable cartridges | Nucleic acids | Bacterial infections and drug susceptibility testing | Vaginal, rectal, nasal swabs | Fluorescence (with molecular beacons) | Disposable cards with integrated heating, detection, sample processing in a portable instrument |
i-STAT Corp (Abbott) | Plastic cartridge with silicon microchip | Small molecules | Blood chemistries, coagulation, cardiac markers | Whole blood, urine | Electrochemical (potentiometry, amperometry, conductivity) | Portable analyzer, capillary-driven microfluidics, thin-film electrodes for detection |
Micronics (Sony) | Plastic, laminates, paper | Proteins, nucleic acids | Malaria, shiga toxin-producing E-coli, ABO blood typing | Whole blood, stool | Absorbance, colorimetry | Disposable cartridges composed of thin-film laminates and injection-molding |
Philips | Plastic cartridge | Nucleic acids, small molecules, proteins | Cardiac damage, drugs of abuse, hormones | Whole blood, saliva | Optical (frustrated total internal reflectance) | Handheld reader with self-concentration of magnetic nanoparticles for rapid analysis |
TearLab | Polycarbonate | Small molecules | Dry eye disease (tear osmolarity), ocular allergy (IgE antibodies) | Tear | Electrochemical | Portable osmolarity reader with disposable cards; capillary-driven flow, gold electrodes for detection, results in 5 s |
Cell Culture Methods | Advantages | Disadvantages |
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2D cell culture |
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3D cell culture models |
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Microfluidic cell culture platforms |
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Company’s Name | Summary of Specialties | Applications | Cell Source | Highlight of the Technology | Year |
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AlveoliX | OOC, Lung-on-a-chip | Drug discovery, disease modeling | Human cell lines | In vitro models inspired by nature, reproduce lung breathing motion, elastic and ultrathin membrane | 2015 |
AxoSim | OOC, nerve-on-a-chip | Preclinical testing, 3D cell culture, neurotoxicity tests, neurodegenerative diseases | Primary cultures, Organoids | Biomimetic human tissues, combination of neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. | 2014 |
BEOnChip | OOC | Disease modeling, in vitro tests, drug screening | Human cells | Long-term 2D or 3D culture under flow condition, 2D-3D co-culture, simulation of physiological environments involving flow and shear stress | 2016 |
BiomimX | OOC, heart-on-a-chip, Cartilage-on-a-chip | Drug screening, drug cardiotoxicity, anti-arrhythmic drug efficiency, discovery anti- osteoarthritic drugs | cardiomyocytes derived from human iPSCs, human cells | 3D co-culture, mechanical stimulations, human cardiac tissue, human osteoarthritic cartilage, customized OOC | 2017 |
BI/OND | OOC, BI/OND’s microfluidic plate | In vitro tests, Drug discovery | Human cells, Organoids, patient derived cells or tissues | Dynamic cell culture environment by providing mechanical stimulation and continuous fluid flow, two compartments connected by a porous membrane BI/OND’s plate to run up to six cultures in parallel, 3D and 2D models | 2017 |
CN Bio Innovations | OOC, ), liver-on-a-chip, Body-on-a-chip (7-OOC ) | Human physiology modelling, liver diseases modelling, Preclinical drug discovery, toxicity tests, drug metabolism | Primary human cells, Tissue or Organ Slices, IPSCs, Immortalised cell lines | Multi organ studies, portable and compact device, programmable flow rate, open well plates | 2009 |
Emulate, Inc. | OOC, Lung, Bone marrow, kidney, brain, blood vessels and intestine-on-a-chip | Personalized medicine, disease modelling, drug screening, study human physiology | - | Organ-Chips personalized with individual patients’ stem cells, stretchable biochip, flexible and dynamic environment by fluid flow and mechanical stretch | 2014 |
Hesperos | OOC, multi-organ-on-a-chip ( heart, liver, lung, brain, skin, muscle, kidney, pancreas, bone marrow) | In vitro tests, drug discovery, toxicity tests, pharmacokinetic/ pharmacodynamic modeling | human stem cells | Pumpless platform, recreate muscle and tissue function, neural and inter-organ communication, customized human-on-a-chip platform, possibility to add immune cells in multi-organ-platform | 2015 |
MIMETAS | OOC | Disease modelling, drug testing, toxicity tests, personalized medicine | Human cells, patient derived cells or tissues | OrganoPlates (a microfluidic 3D cell culture plate), 3D co-culture, biomimetic, compatible, easy to use | 2013 |
Nortis | OOC, kidney, brain, heart, liver, immune system and blood vessels-on-a-chip | Disease modeling, cancer study, drug testing, study Alzheimer’s disease and ageing, toxicity tests | Human derived tissue models | Perfusion system, standard cell culture incubator, | 2012 |
SynVivo, Inc | OOC, blood-brain-barrier-on-a-chip | Drug discovery, toxicity test, targeted drug delivery, cancer researches | Human cells | Mimic microvascular environment, dynamic environment, real-time visualization, controlled condition, 3D co-culture model | 2014 |
TARA Biosystems | OOC, heart-on-a-chip | Cardiac Toxicology, Precision Cardiology, Heart Failure Drug Discovery, Drug development, study healthy and disease models | iPSCs derived cardiomyocytes | Cardiac tissue models, patient derived disease models | 2014 |
TissUse | OOC, body-on-a-chip | Toxicity tests, disease modeling, personalized medicine, drug development, application in pharmaceutical and cosmetic researches | Cell lines, human primary cells, biopsies | Multi-organ platforms, rapid prototyping, compatible with tissue imaging, application of physiological sheer stress, long-term performance | 2010 |
Technology | LOC | OOC |
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Applications in life science |
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Advantages |
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Drawbacks |
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Biological samples |
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Azizipour, N.; Avazpour, R.; Rosenzweig, D.H.; Sawan, M.; Ajji, A. Evolution of Biochip Technology: A Review from Lab-on-a-Chip to Organ-on-a-Chip. Micromachines 2020, 11, 599. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi11060599
Azizipour N, Avazpour R, Rosenzweig DH, Sawan M, Ajji A. Evolution of Biochip Technology: A Review from Lab-on-a-Chip to Organ-on-a-Chip. Micromachines. 2020; 11(6):599. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi11060599
Chicago/Turabian StyleAzizipour, Neda, Rahi Avazpour, Derek H. Rosenzweig, Mohamad Sawan, and Abdellah Ajji. 2020. "Evolution of Biochip Technology: A Review from Lab-on-a-Chip to Organ-on-a-Chip" Micromachines 11, no. 6: 599. https://doi.org/10.3390/mi11060599