Benthic Archives Reveal Recurrence and Dominance of Toxigenic Cyanobacteria in a Eutrophic Lake over the Last 220 Years
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Sedimentary Cored Chronology
2.2. Vertical Akinete Distribution in Sediment
2.2.1. Akinete Abundance along the Core
2.2.2. Akinete Integrity along the Core
2.3. Target Gene Detection in Total Sediment
2.4. Target Gene Detection in Extracted Intact Akinetes
2.5. Multiple Factor Analysis
3. Discussion
4. Conclusions
5. Materials and Methods
5.1. Study Site and Sampling
5.2. Core Characterization, Sampling and Dating
5.3. Akinete Extraction from Sediment and Microscopic Counts
5.4. Akinete Purifications
5.5. DNA Extractions from Total Sediment and Purified Akinetes and Cyanobacterial 16S RNAr Gene Amplification
5.6. Cyanotoxin Gene Amplification
5.7. Statistical Analysis
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type of PCR | Primer Name | Sequence (5′-3′) | Target Gene | Gene Amplicon Size (bp) | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Classic | cya359F | GGGGAATYTTCCGCAATGGG | Cyanobacterial | 403 | [60] |
PCR | cya781R | GACTACTGGGGTATCTAATCCCATT | 16S rRNA gene | ||
Nested | anxgen-F2 | ATGGTCAGAGGTTTTACAAG | anaC | 861 | [19] modified |
PCR 1 | anxgen-R | CGACTCTTAATCATGCGATC | from [17] | ||
Nested | anaCgen-F2 | TCTGGTATTCAGTMCCCTCYAT | anaC | 519 | [19] modified |
PCR 2 | anxgen-R | CGACTCTTAATCATGCGATC | from [17] | ||
Classic | mcyA-Cd 1F | AAAATTAAAAGCCGTATCAAA | mcyA | 291 | [61] |
PCR | mcyA-Cd 1R | AAAAGTGTTTTATTAGCGGCTCAT |
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Legrand, B.; Lamarque, A.; Sabart, M.; Latour, D. Benthic Archives Reveal Recurrence and Dominance of Toxigenic Cyanobacteria in a Eutrophic Lake over the Last 220 Years. Toxins 2017, 9, 271. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins9090271
Legrand B, Lamarque A, Sabart M, Latour D. Benthic Archives Reveal Recurrence and Dominance of Toxigenic Cyanobacteria in a Eutrophic Lake over the Last 220 Years. Toxins. 2017; 9(9):271. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins9090271
Chicago/Turabian StyleLegrand, Benjamin, Amélie Lamarque, Marion Sabart, and Delphine Latour. 2017. "Benthic Archives Reveal Recurrence and Dominance of Toxigenic Cyanobacteria in a Eutrophic Lake over the Last 220 Years" Toxins 9, no. 9: 271. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins9090271