iTRAQ Mitoproteome Analysis Reveals Mechanisms of Programmed Cell Death in Arabidopsis thaliana Induced by Ochratoxin A
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Effect of OTA on mtROS Content and Respiration Rate
2.2. Mitochondrial Swelling and Decreased ΔΨm in OTA Treatment
2.3. PCD-like Features in OTA-treated Arabidopsis Protoplasts
2.4. Cyt c Release Occurs in OTA-induced PCD of Arabidopsis Leaves
2.5. iTRAQ Analysis of OTA-Responsive Mitochondrial Proteins in Arabidopsis Leaves
2.6. Classification of Differentially Expressed Mitoproteome
2.7. DGE Profiling Analysis
2.8. The Expression Profile of Nucleic Acid Metabolism
2.9. The Expression Profile of Oxidative Phosphorylation and Citric Acid Cycle in Mitochondria
3. Discussion
3.1. OTA Disturbed the Mitochondrial Electron Transport Chain
3.2. OTA Interferes with ATP Synthesis
3.3. OTA Induces PCD in Arabidopsis thaliana
4. Experimental Section
4.1. Plant Material, Growth Conditions and OTA Treatments
4.2. Mitochondria Isolation
4.3. Mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) Measurement
4.4. Assessment of Mitochondrial Permeability Transition (MPT)
4.5. Measurement of Mitochondrial Membrane Potential (ΔΨm)
4.6. Respiration Assay
4.7. Nuclear Morphology and DNA Fragmentation
4.8. Measurement of Cytochrome c/a Ratio
4.9. Cyt c Western Blot
4.10. iTRAQ Labeling and Mass Spectrometry Identification
4.11. Database Identification and iTRAQ Quantification
4.12. Mitoproteome Analysis
4.13. DGE Tag Profiling
4.14. Statistical Analysis
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Protein Name | UniProtKB Accession | Gene Names | Unused Protein Score | % of Coverage | No. of Unique Peptides | Mean ± SD (8 h) | Mean ± SD (24 h) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
23.6 kDa heat shock protein | Q96331 | HSP23.6 | 13.45 | 20.00 | 5 | - | 4.68 ± 0.43 |
15.7 kDa heat shock protein | Q9FHQ3 | HSP15.7 | 3.92 | 15.33 | 2 | - | 3.72 ± 0.29 |
12-oxophytodienoate reductase 3 | Q9FUP0 | OPR3 | 4.67 | 5.37 | 2 | - | 2.56 ± 0.10 |
Catalase-3 | Q42547 | CAT3 | 17.43 | 22.56 | 9 | - | 2.38 ± 0.22 |
Plasma membrane-associated cation-binding protein 1 | Q96262 | PCAP1 | 7.70 | 27.11 | 5 | 2.22 ± 0.26 | - |
V-type proton ATPase subunit G1 | O82628 | VHA-G1 | 7.10 | 43.64 | 7 | 1.82 ± 0.41 | 0.56 ± 0.05 |
Catalase-2 | P25819 | CAT2 | 8.99 | 10.98 | 5 | - | 1.98 ± 0.45 |
Glycerate dehydrogenase | Q9C9W5 | HRP1 | 8.10 | 11.14 | 4 | - | 1.83 ± 0.32 |
Oxygen-evolving enhancer protein 3-1 | Q9XFT3 | PSBQ1 | 10.88 | 20.98 | 5 | - | 1.81 ± 0.23 |
Homocysteine methyltransferase | O50008 | CIMS | 5.14 | 5.62 | 3 | - | 1.79 ± 0.02 |
Peroxisomal (S)-2-hydroxy-acid oxidase | Q9LRR9 | GLO1 | 10.35 | 19.62 | 6 | - | 1.71 ± 0.35 |
NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein 2 | O22769 | At4g02580 | 8.40 | 18.04 | 4 | - | 1.67 ± 0.15 |
Adenylate kinase 1 | O82514 | ADK1 | 15.95 | 36.99 | 7 | 1.55 ± 0.14 | - |
Patellin-1 | Q56WK6 | PATL1 | 7.97 | 4.89 | 3 | 1.50 ± 0.10 | - |
Glutathione S-transferase F2 | P46422 | GSTF2 | 8.99 | 10.98 | 3 | - | 1.49 ± 0.22 |
Heat shock protein 90-3 | P51818 | HSP90-3 | 8.10 | 11.14 | 4 | - | 1.47 ± 0.10 |
Cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 7-1 | Q9SUU5 | QCR7-1 | 6.44 | 40.16 | 5 | 1.42 ± 0.01 | - |
Mitochondrial outer membrane protein porin 2 | Q9FJX3 | VDAC2 | 7.10 | 11.96 | 6 | 1.40 ± 0.05 | - |
Probable NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 5 | Q9FLX7 | At5g52840 | 13.58 | 37.87 | 7 | 1.39 ± 0.04 | - |
Malate dehydrogenase | Q9ZP05 | At5g09660 | 7.84 | 14.41 | 4 | 1.38 ± 0.17 | - |
Mitochondrial outer membrane protein porin 1 | Q9SRH5 | VDAC1 | 7.97 | 28.62 | 6 | 1.36 ± 0.05 | - |
NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 1 | Q9FGI6 | EMB1467 | 10.13 | 7.89 | 6 | - | 1.36 ± 0.15 |
Probable arginase | Q9ZPF5 | At4g08870 | 20.60 | 43.90 | 12 | 1.35 ± 0.08 | 1.35 ± 0.08 |
ATP synthase subunit d | Q9FT52 | At3g52300 | 19.84 | 54.17 | 9 | 1.35 ± 0.05 | 1.35 ± 0.05 |
V-type proton ATPase subunit B3 | Q8W4E2 | VHA-B3 | 21.24 | 23.82 | 10 | 1.35 ± 0.06 | 0.67 ± 0.01 |
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase | P25858 | GAPC | 10.50 | 21.60 | 6 | 1.34 ± 0.05 | 1.39 ± 0.01 |
Mitochondrial outer membrane protein porin 3 | Q9SMX3 | VDAC3 | 16.93 | 35.77 | 13 | 1.34 ± 0.07 | - |
Formate dehydrogenase | Q9S7E4 | FDH1 | 14.52 | 23.18 | 9 | - | 1.33 ± 0.04 |
Mitochondrial-processing peptidase subunit beta | Q42290 | At3g02090 | 34.46 | 41.81 | 22 | 1.32 ± 0.00 | - |
Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase 1 | Q9M5K3 | LPD1 | 4.61 | 5.72 | 2 | - | 1.31 ± 0.08 |
Probable ATP synthase 24 kDa subunit | Q9SJ12 | At2g21870 | 19.94 | 27.08 | 8 | - | 1.31 ± 0.15 |
Succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein subunit 1 | O82663 | SDH1-1 | 8.86 | 8.52 | 4 | - | 1.31 ± 0.07 |
60S ribosomal protein L13-1 | P41127 | RPL13B | 5.68 | 19.90 | 3 | 1.31 ± 0.07 | - |
CBS domain-containing protein | Q9LEV3 | CBSX3 | 5.47 | 18.45 | 3 | 1.30 ± 0.02 | 1.45 ± 0.06 |
Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase large chain | O03042 | rbcL | 32.95 | 31.94 | 19 | 0.76 ± 0.02 | - |
60S ribosomal protein L17-2 | P51413 | RPL17B | 5.32 | 16.57 | 2 | 0.75 ± 0.06 | - |
UPF0603 protein | Q9ZVL6 | At1g54780 | 18.42 | 40.70 | 8 | 0.75 ± 0.07 | - |
Chlorophyll a-b binding protein CP26 | Q9XF89 | LHCB5 | 16.85 | 27.14 | 13 | 0.73 ± 0.04 | - |
Apocytochrome f | P56771 | petA | 40.06 | 53.44 | 23 | 0.73 ± 0.02 | - |
Calcium sensing receptor | Q9FN48 | CAS | 6.61 | 12.14 | 4 | - | 0.73 ± 0.03 |
Photosystem I reaction center subunit III | Q9SHE8 | PSAF | 13.04 | 23.08 | 7 | - | 0.73 ± 0.02 |
50S ribosomal protein L16 | P56793 | rpl16 | 4.15 | 20.74 | 2 | - | 0.70 ± 0.00 |
V-type proton ATPase catalytic subunit A | O23654 | VHA-A | 22.44 | 17.50 | 11 | - | 0.70 ± 0.02 |
Glycine dehydrogenase [decarboxylating] 2 | Q94B78 | At4g33010 | 14.38 | 9.35 | 7 | 0.70 ± 0.06 | - |
Geranylgeranyl diphosphate reductase1 | Q9CA67 | CHLP | 12.10 | 12.42 | 6 | 0.70 ± 0.04 | - |
Chlorophyll a-b binding protein CP29.1 | Q07473 | LHCB4.1 | 23.47 | 28.62 | 16 | 0.70 ± 0.01 | - |
Cytochrome b6-f complex iron-sulfur subunit | Q9ZR03 | petC | 10.58 | 23.58 | 7 | 0.69 ± 0.01 | - |
Photosystem II CP47 chlorophyll apoprotein | P56777 | psbB | 30.58 | 22.64 | 25 | 0.69 ± 0.03 | 0.54 ± 0.01 |
Clathrin heavy chain 1 | Q0WNJ6 | CHC1 | 2.96 | 0.82 | 1 | 0.69 ± 0.03 | - |
Protein TIC110 | Q8LPR9 | TIC110 | 4.49 | 1.77 | 2 | - | 0.66 ± 0.06 |
40S ribosomal protein S9-1 | Q9LXG1 | RPS9B | 18.15 | 34.85 | 8 | - | 0.66 ± 0.02 |
Lipoxygenase 2 | P38418 | LOX2 | 11.99 | 16.29 | 12 | 0.66 ± 0.03 | - |
ATP synthase subunit b | P56759 | atpF | 19.29 | 44.57 | 14 | 0.65 ± 0.04 | - |
ADP,ATP carrier protein 1 | P31167 | AAC1 | 14.85 | 19.95 | 7 | 0.64 ± 0.05 | - |
Photosystem II 22 kDa protein | Q9XF91 | PSBS | 3.60 | 6.04 | 2 | 0.62 ± 0.04 | - |
L-ascorbate peroxidase T | Q42593 | APXT | 2.60 | 9.16 | 2 | 0.62 ± 0.02 | - |
Photosystem Q(B) protein | P83755 | psbA | 8.81 | 17.28 | 13 | 0.62 ± 0.04 | - |
60S ribosomal protein L18a-2 | P51418 | RPL18AB | 3.25 | 5.06 | 2 | - | 0.62 ± 0.04 |
60S ribosomal protein L21-2 | Q9FDZ9 | RPL21E | 6.81 | 11.59 | 3 | - | 0.62 ± 0.07 |
V-type proton ATPase subunit E1 | Q39258 | VHA-E1 | 4.40 | 11.74 | 3 | - | 0.61 ± 0.01 |
Photosystem II CP43 chlorophyll apoprotein | P56778 | psbC | 23.73 | 28.33 | 14 | 0.61 ± 0.03 | 0.60 ± 0.03 |
Thylakoid lumenal 16.5 kDa protein | O22773 | At4g02530 | 6.90 | 18.06 | 4 | 0.60 ± 0.09 | - |
Photosystem I P700 chlorophyll a apoprotein A2 | P56767 | psaB | 13.90 | 10.49 | 7 | - | 0.59 ± 0.01 |
Photosystem II D2 protein | P56761 | psbD | 16.40 | 22.38 | 15 | 0.56 ± 0.02 | 0.54 ± 0.04 |
Photosystem I P700 chlorophyll a apoprotein A1 | P56766 | psaA | 10.60 | 6.00 | 5 | 0.55 ± 0.05 | 0.58 ± 0.05 |
ATP synthase subunit alpha | P56757 | atpA | 43.10 | 37.87 | 25 | - | 0.52 ± 0.05 |
Oxygen-evolving enhancer protein 1-1 | P23321 | PSBO1 | 40.9 | 58.73 | 25 | 0.49 ± 0.04 | 0.72 ± 0.01 |
ATP synthase gamma chain 1 | Q01908 | ATPC1 | 22.92 | 26.54 | 10 | - | 0.46 ± 0.03 |
ATP synthase epsilon chain | P09468 | atpE | 10.29 | 25.00 | 5 | - | 0.41 ± 0.02 |
ATP synthase subunit beta | P19366 | atpB | 59.44 | 64.26 | 39 | - | 0.41 ± 0.02 |
Aquaporin PIP2-1 | P43286 | PIP2-1 | 8.23 | 10.45 | 4 | - | 0.38 ± 0.07 |
Protein Name | UniProtKB Accession | Mean ± SD (8 h) | Mean ± SD (24 h) | Protein Name | UniProtKB Accession | Mean ± SD (8 h) | Mean ± SD (24 h) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Group 1 Photosynthesis | Group 3 ATP synthase | ||||||
Calcium sensing receptor | Q9FN48 | 0.73 ± 0.03 | V-type proton ATPase catalytic subunit A | O23654 | 0.67 ± 0.02 | ||
Photosystem II CP47 chlorophyll apoprotein | P56777 | 0.69 ± 0.03 | 0.54 ± 0.01 | ATP synthase subunit alpha | P56757 | 0.52 ± 0.05 | |
Apocytochrome f | P56771 | 0.73 ± 0.02 | ATP synthase epsilon chain | P09468 | 0.41 ± 0.02 | ||
Cytochrome b6-f complex iron-sulfur subunit | Q9ZR03 | 0.69 ± 0.01 | ATP synthase gamma chain 1 | Q01908 | 0.46 ± 0.03 | ||
L-ascorbate peroxidase T | Q42593 | 0.62 ± 0.02 | ATP synthase subunit b | P56759 | 0.65 ± 0.04 | ||
Photosystem I P700 chlorophyll apoprotein A1 | P56766 | 0.55 ± 0.05 | ATP synthase subunit beta | P19366 | 0.41 ± 0.02 | ||
Photosystem I P700 chlorophyll apoprotein A2 | P56767 | 0.59 ± 0.01 | V-type proton ATPase subunit B3 | Q8W4E2 | 1.35 ± 0.06 | ||
Photosystem II CP43 chlorophyll apoprotein | P56778 | 0.60 ± 0.03 | V-type proton ATPase subunit E1 | Q39258 | 0.61 ± 0.01 | ||
Chlorophyll a-b binding protein CP29.1 | Q07473 | 0.69 ± 0.01 | ATP synthase subunit d | Q9FT52 | 1.35 ± 0.05 | ||
Chlorophyll a-b binding protein CP26 | Q9XF89 | 0.73 ± 0.04 | V-type proton ATPase subunit G1 | O82628 | 1.82 ± 0.41 | 0.56 ± 0.05 | |
Geranylgeranyl diphosphate reductase1 | Q9CA67 | 0.70 ± 0.04 | Group 4 Translation, ribosome biogenesis | ||||
Photosystem Q(B) protein | P83755 | 0.62 ± 0.04 | 60S ribosomal protein L13-1 | P41127 | 1.31 ± 0.07 | ||
UPF0603 protein | Q9ZVL6 | 0.75 ± 0.07 | 60S ribosomal protein L17-2 | P51413 | 0.75 ± 0.06 | ||
Thylakoid lumenal 16.5 kDa protein | O22773 | 0.60 ± 0.09 | 50S ribosomal protein L16 | P56793 | 0.70 ± 0.00 | ||
Photosystem II 22 kDa protein | Q9XF91 | 0.62 ± 0.04 | 40S ribosomal protein S9-1 | Q9LXG1 | 0.66 ± 0.02 | ||
Photosystem II D2 protein | P56761 | 0.56 ± 0.02 | 0.54 ± 0.04 | 60S ribosomal protein L21-2 | Q9FDZ9 | 0.62 ± 0.07 | |
Oxygen-evolving enhancer protein 3-1 | Q9XFT3 | 1.81 ± 0.23 | 60S ribosomal protein L18a-2 | P51418 | 0.62 ± 0.04 | ||
Oxygen-evolving enhancer protein 1-1 | P23321 | 0.49 ± 0.04 | 0.72 ± 0.01 | Group 5 Mitochondrial transport protein | |||
Photosystem I reaction center subunit III | Q9SHE8 | 0.73 ± 0.02 | Probable ATP synthase 24 kDa subunit | Q9SJ12 | 1.31 ± 0.15 | ||
Lipoxygenase 2 | P38418 | 0.66 ± 0.03 | Mitochondrial-processing peptidase subunit beta | Q42290 | 1.32 ± 0.00 | ||
Group 2 Mitochondrial electron transport | Mitochondrial outer membrane protein porin 3 | Q9SMX3 | 1.34 ± 0.07 | ||||
NADH dehydrogenase | Q9FGI6 | 1.36 ± 0.15 | Mitochondrial outer membrane protein porin 1 | Q9SRH5 | 1.36 ± 0.05 | ||
Cytochrome b-c1 complex subunit 7-1 | Q9SUU5 | 1.42 ± 0.01 | Mitochondrial outer membrane protein porin 2 | Q9FJX3 | 1.40 ± 0.05 | ||
Probable NADH dehydrogenase | Q9FLX7 | 1.39 ± 0.04 | ADP,ATP carrier protein 1 | P31167 | 0.64 ± 0.05 | ||
Succinate dehydrogenase flavoprotein subunit 1 | O82663 | 1.31 ± 0.07 | |||||
NADH dehydrogenase flavoprotein 2 | O22769 | 1.67 ± 0.15 |
Gene Category | ID | Gene Description | Fold Change (log2) |
---|---|---|---|
DNA | AT3G18500 | Endonuclease/exonuclease/phosphatase family protein | 4.0 (2.0) |
Endonuclease | AT3G10010 | Demeter-like 2 (DML2) | 3.7 (1.9) |
AT5G17540 | Bifunctional nuclease I (BFN1) | 90.5 (6.5) | |
AT1G59720 | Chlororespiratory reduction 28 (CRR28) | 59.7 (5.9) | |
AT1G53250 | Endonuclease | 59.7 (5.9) | |
AT2G21800 | Essential meiotic endonuclease 1A (EME1A) | 59.7 (5.9) | |
AT1G73875 | Endonuclease/exonuclease/phosphatase family protein | 2.5 (1.4) | |
AT3G21530 | Endonuclease/exonuclease/phosphatase family protein | 2.4 (1.3) | |
AT1G68290 | Endonuclease 2 (ENDO2) | 2.3 (1.2) | |
DNA replicate | AT2G07690 | Minichromosome maintenance family protein (MCM5) | −2.8 (−1.5) |
AT1G67630 | DNA polymerase alpha 2 (POLA2) | −3.0 (−1.6) | |
AT1G67320 | DNA primase | −4.0 (−2.0) | |
AT4G02060 | Minichromosome maintenance family protein (MCM7) | −4.6 (−2.2) | |
AT1G10590 | DNA-binding protein-related | 2.2 (1.1) | |
DNA repair | AT1G10590 | DNA-binding protein-related | 2.2 (1.1) |
AT4G17020 | DNA repair related | 2.1 (1.1) | |
RNA | AT5G60040 | DNA-directed RNA polymerase (NPRC1) | 10.3 (3.4) |
polymerase | AT1G54250 | DNA-directed RNA polymerase II, core complex (NPR8A) | 6.1 (2.6) |
AT3G52090 | DNA-directed RNA polymerase II, core complex (NP11) | 3.4 (1.8) | |
AT5G60040 | DNA-directed RNA polymerase (NPRC1) | 10.3 (3.4) | |
RNA | AT2G36530 | Copper ion binding/ phosphopyruvate hydratase (LOS2) | 2.9 (1.6) |
degradation | AT1G17980 | Nucleotidyltransferase family protein | 2.5 (1.3) |
Gene Category | ID | Gene Description | Fold Change (log2) |
---|---|---|---|
TCA | AT1G24180 | Pyruvate dehydrogenase E1a-like subunit (IAR4) | 5.9 (2.6) |
AT1G01090 | Pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 alpha | 2.4 (1.2) | |
AT2G44350 | ATP citrate synthase (ATCS) | 3.8 (1.9) | |
AT3G58750 | Citrate synthase 2 (CSY2) | 2.0 (1.0) | |
AT2G17130 | Isocitrate dehydrogenase subunit 2 (IDH2) | 9.1 (3.2) | |
AT3G09810 | Isocitrate dehydrogenase, putative | 5.2 (2.4) | |
AT5G03290 | Isocitrate dehydrogenase, putative | 4.7 (2.4) | |
AT4G26910 | 2-oxoacid dehydrogenase family protein | 3.8 (1.9) | |
AT2G05710 | Aconitate hydratase (Aconitase) | 4.0 (2.0) | |
AT5G23250 | Succinyl-CoA ligase, putative | 2.2 (1.3) | |
AT5G40650, | Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH2-2) | 2.5 (1.3) | |
AT2G47510 | Fumarase 1 (FUM1) | 3.4 (1.8) | |
AT5G09660 | NAD-malate dehydrogenase 2 (PMDH2) | −2.3 (−1.2) | |
Oxidative phosphorylation | |||
Complex I | AT3G12260 | Complex 1 family protein | 7.6 (2.9) |
AT5 G47890 | NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase B8 subunit, putative | 9.7 (3.3) | |
AT1G79010 | NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase 23 kDa subunit | 2.4 (1.3) | |
AT4G05020 | NAD(P)H dehydrogenase B2 (NDB2) | 3.6 (1.9) | |
AT3G06310 | NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase 19 kDa subunit (NDUFA8) | −2.2 (−1.2) | |
Complex II | AT5G40650 | Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH2-2) | 2.5 (1.3) |
Complex III | AT5G25450 | Ubiquinol-cytochrome C reductase complex 14 kDa protein | 4.7 (2.2) |
Complex IV | AT3G15352 | Cytochrome c oxidase, Copper chaperone (COX17) | 3.7 (1.9) |
AT2G44520 | Cytochrome c oxidase 10 (COX10) | 3.0 (1.6) | |
AT1G22450 | Cytochrome c oxidase 6B (COX6B) | 2.1 (1.1) | |
ATPase | AT2G33040 | ATP synthase gamma chain | 2.6 (1.1) |
(Complex V) | AT4G30190 | Hydrogen-exporting ATPase | 2.2 (1.2) |
AT4G02620 | ATPase subunit F family protein | 5.9 (2.6) | |
AT4G11150 | ATP synthase subunit E1 (TUF) | 4.8 (2.3) | |
AT3G28715 | H+-transporting two-sector ATPase, putative | 3.7 (1.9) | |
AT2G18960 | H+-ATPase 1 (AHA1) | 2.8 (1.5) | |
AT2G21410 | Vacuolar proton ATPase A2 (VHA-A2) | 2.8 (1.5) | |
AT2G28520 | Vacuolar proton ATPase A1 (VHA-A1) | 2.7 (1.4) | |
AT5G62670 | H+-ATPase 11 (AHA11) | −3.0 (−1.6) |
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Share and Cite
Wang, Y.; Peng, X.; Yang, Z.; Zhao, W.; Xu, W.; Hao, J.; Wu, W.; Shen, X.L.; Luo, Y.; Huang, K. iTRAQ Mitoproteome Analysis Reveals Mechanisms of Programmed Cell Death in Arabidopsis thaliana Induced by Ochratoxin A. Toxins 2017, 9, 167. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins9050167
Wang Y, Peng X, Yang Z, Zhao W, Xu W, Hao J, Wu W, Shen XL, Luo Y, Huang K. iTRAQ Mitoproteome Analysis Reveals Mechanisms of Programmed Cell Death in Arabidopsis thaliana Induced by Ochratoxin A. Toxins. 2017; 9(5):167. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins9050167
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Yan, Xiaoli Peng, Zhuojun Yang, Weiwei Zhao, Wentao Xu, Junran Hao, Weihong Wu, Xiao Li Shen, Yunbo Luo, and Kunlun Huang. 2017. "iTRAQ Mitoproteome Analysis Reveals Mechanisms of Programmed Cell Death in Arabidopsis thaliana Induced by Ochratoxin A" Toxins 9, no. 5: 167. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins9050167