Mycotoxigenic Fungi and Natural Co-Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Feeds
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Mycobiota Analysis
Genus | Number of occurrences | Fr (%) 1 | RD (%) 2 |
---|---|---|---|
Aspergillus | 1 | 3.6 | 2.0 |
Cladosporium | 15 | 53.6 | 30.0 |
Eurotium | 7 | 25.0 | 14.0 |
Mucor | 4 | 14.3 | 8.0 |
Penicillium | 6 | 21.4 | 12.0 |
Trichoderma | 1 | 3.6 | 2.0 |
Yeast | 12 | 42.9 | 24.0 |
Others | 4 | 14.3 | 8.0 |
Species | Number of occurrences | Fr (%) 1 | RD (%) 2 |
---|---|---|---|
Aspergillus versicolor | 1 | 3.6 | 2.6 |
Cladosporium cladosporioides | 15 | 53.6 | 39.5 |
C. herbarum | 1 | 3.6 | 2.6 |
Eurotium repens | 6 | 21.4 | 15.8 |
E. rubrum | 4 | 14.3 | 10.5 |
Eurotium sp. | 1 | 3.6 | 2.6 |
Mucor sp. | 2 | 7.1 | 5.3 |
Penicillium chrysogenum | 1 | 3.6 | 2.6 |
P. corylophilum | 1 | 3.6 | 2.6 |
P. crustosum | 1 | 3.6 | 2.6 |
P. expansum | 1 | 3.6 | 2.6 |
P. nalgiovense | 3 | 10.7 | 7.9 |
Trichoderma harzianum | 1 | 3.6 | 2.6 |
2.2. Mycotoxin Analysis
Sample | Genus Profile | Species Profile | Mycotoxin Profile | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Cladosporium | C. cladosporioides | --- | --- | --- | OTA | T-2 | --- |
yeast | --- | |||||||
2 | Cladosporium | C. cladosporioides | --- | --- | --- | OTA * | T-2 | --- |
3 | Aspergillus | A. versicolor | --- | DON * | --- | OTA | T-2 | --- |
Cladosporium | C. cladosporioides | |||||||
yeast, others | --- | |||||||
4 | Cladosporium | C. cladosporioides | AFs * | DON * | FUM * | --- | T-2 | ZEA |
5 | Cladosporium | C. cladosporioides | --- | DON * | FUM * | OTA | T-2 | ZEA |
6 | Cladosporium | C. cladosporioides | AFs | DON * | FUM * | --- | T-2 | ZEA |
yeast | --- | |||||||
7 | Cladosporium Trichoderma | C. cladosporioides | AFs | DON * | FUM * | OTA * | T-2 | ZEA |
T. harzianum | ||||||||
8 | Cladosporium | C. cladosporioides | AFs | DON * | FUM * | --- | T-2 | ZEA |
yeast, others | --- | |||||||
9 | Cladosporium | C. cladosporioides | AFs * | DON * | FUM * | --- | T-2 | ZEA |
others | --- | |||||||
10 | Mucor | Mucor sp. | --- | DON * | --- | OTA | T-2 | ZEA * |
Penicillium | P. crustosum | |||||||
P. corylophilum | ||||||||
11 | --- | --- | --- | DON * | --- | OTA | T-2 | ZEA |
12 | Cladosporium | C. cladosporioides | AFs | DON * | --- | OTA * | T-2 * | ZEA * |
Penicillium | C. herbarum | |||||||
yeast, others | P. expansum | |||||||
13 | Cladosporium | C. cladosporioides | AFs | DON * | --- | OTA * | T-2 * | --- |
yeast | --- | |||||||
14 | Yeast | --- | AFs | --- | --- | OTA * | T-2 | ZEA * |
15 | Cladosporium | C. cladosporioides | AFs * | --- | --- | OTA | T-2 | ZEA * |
16 | Mucor | Mucor sp. | AFs | --- | FUM * | OTA | T-2 | ZEA * |
17 | Yeast | --- | AFs | DON * | FUM * | OTA * | T-2 | ZEA * |
18 | Penicillium | P. nalgiovense | AFs | DON * | --- | --- | T-2 | ZEA * |
19 | Cladosporium | C. cladosporioides | AFs | DON | --- | --- | T-2 | ZEA * |
Eurotium | E. repens | |||||||
Mucor | Mucor sp. | |||||||
yeast | --- | |||||||
20 | Cladosporium | C. cladosporioides | AFs | DON * | --- | --- | T-2 | ZEA * |
Penicillium | P. nalgiovense | |||||||
yeast | --- | |||||||
21 | Eurotium | E. rubrum | --- | --- | --- | OTA * | T-2 * | ZEA * |
yeast | --- | |||||||
22 | Mucor | Mucor sp. | AFs * | --- | --- | OTA * | --- | ZEA |
Penicillium | P. nalgiovense | |||||||
23 | Yeast | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ZEA |
24 | Cladosporium | C. cladosporioides | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ZEA |
Eurotium | E. repens, E. rubrum | |||||||
Penicillium | P. chrysogenum | |||||||
25 | Eurotium | E. repens, Eurotium sp. | AFs | --- | --- | --- | --- | ZEA |
26 | Eurotium | E. repens | AFs | --- | --- | --- | --- | ZEA |
27 | Eurotium | E. repens, E. rubrum | --- | --- | --- | OTA * | --- | ZEA |
28 | Eurotium | E. repens, E. rubrum | AFs | --- | --- | --- | --- | ZEA |
Sample | Mycotoxins (ppb) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AFs | DON | FUM | OTA | T-2 | ZEA | |||||||
1 | <1.7 a | 0 b | <222 a | 0 b | <222 ª | 0 b | 5.23 | - | 68.03 | - | <50 | 0 b |
2 | <1.7 a | 0 b | <222 a | 0 b | <222 ª | 0 b | <5 a | 3.5 c | 75.99 | - | <50 | 0 b |
3 | <1.7 a | 0 b | <222 a | 165 c | <222 ª | 0 b | 5.26 | - | 83.87 | - | <50 | 0 b |
4 | <1.7 a | 1.3 c | <222 a | 178 c | <222 ª | 190 c | <5 a | 0 b | 62.57 | - | 67.98 | - |
5 | <1.7 a | 0 b | <222 a | 207 c | <222 ª | 205 c | 8.79 | - | 60.95 | - | 56.91 | - |
6 | 2.7 | - | <222 a | 195 c | <222 ª | 209 c | <5 a | 0 b | 104.44 | - | 95.53 | - |
7 | 1.78 | - | <222 a | 179 c | <222 ª | 222 c | <5 a | 4.9 c | 105.99 | - | 88.7 | - |
8 | 1.97 | - | <222 a | 169 c | <222 ª | 208 c | <5 a | 0 b | 104.22 | - | 52.65 | - |
9 | <1.7 a | 1.5 c | <222 a | 155 c | <222 ª | 222 c | <5 a | 0 b | 63.71 | - | 67.3 | - |
10 | <1.7 a | 0 b | <222 a | 184 c | ND | 0 | 5.14 | - | 75.35 | - | <50 | 32.0 c |
11 | <1.7 a | 0 b | <222 a | 156 c | <222 a | 0 b | 5.52 | - | 102.69 | - | 62.83 | - |
12 | 2.58 | - | <222 a | 210 c | <222 ª | 0 b | <5 a | 3.7 c | <50 | 50 c | <50 | 20.4 c |
13 | 2.79 | - | <222 a | 150 c | <222 ª | 0 b | <5 a | 4.1 c | <50 | 50 c | <50 | 0 b |
14 | 2.97 | - | <222 a | 0 b | <222 ª | 0 b | <5 a | 3.5 c | 57.16 | - | <50 | 22.6 c |
15 | <1.7 a | 1.7 c | <222 a | 0 b | <222 ª | 0 b | 6.28 | - | 60.87 | - | <50 | 35.0 c |
16 | 4.19 | - | <222 a | 0 b | <222 ª | 191 c | 5.23 | - | 75.23 | - | <50 | 32.6 c |
17 | 3.87 | - | <222 a | 205 c | <222 ª | 187 c | <5 a | 3.6 c | 71.05 | - | <50 | 42.1 c |
18 | 2.85 | - | <222 a | 164 c | <222 ª | 0 b | <5 a | 0 b | 57.44 | - | <50 | 33.7 c |
19 | 3.09 | - | 230 | - | <222 ª | 0 b | <5 a | 0 b | 60.00 | - | <50 | 39.5 c |
20 | 2.77 | - | <222 a | 205 c | <222 ª | 0 b | <5 a | 0 b | 69.11 | - | <50 | 24.3 c |
21 | ND | 0 | <222 a | 0 b | <222 ª | 0 b | <5 a | 5.0 c | <50 | 50 c | <50 | 50.0 c |
22 | <1.7 a | 1.7 c | <222 a | 0 b | <222 ª | 0 b | <5 a | 4.8 c | ND | 0 | 147.45 | - |
23 | ND | 0 | <222 a | 0 b | <222 ª | 0 b | <5 a | 0 b | ND | 0 | 159.76 | - |
24 | ND | 0 | <222 a | 0 b | <222 ª | 0 b | <5 a | 0 b | ND | 0 | 102.81 | - |
25 | 1.87 | - | <222 a | 0 b | <222 ª | 0 b | <5 a | 0 b | ND | 0 | 95.77 | - |
26 | 7.05 | - | <222 a | 0 b | <222 ª | 0 b | <5 a | 0 b | ND | 0 | 71.53 | - |
27 | ND | 0 | <222 a | 0 b | <222 ª | 0 b | <5 a | 5.0 c | ND | 0 | 110.26 | - |
28 | 8.91 | - | <222 a | 0 b | ND | 0 | <5 a | 0 b | ND | 0 | 87.24 | - |
Median d | 2.82 | 230 | --- | 5.26 | 70.08 | 87.97 | ||||||
LOD * | <1.7 | 222 | 222 | 5 | <20 | 29 | ||||||
LOQ *,+ | --- | 222 | --- | --- | 50 | 50 |
3. Discussion
4. Experimental Section
4.1. Samples
Sample | Pellet Size (mm) | I1 | I2 | I3 | I4 | I5 | I6 | I7 | I8 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1.2 | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H |
2 | 6.5 | H | I | J | A | D | E | B | F |
3 | 8.5 | H | I | J | A | D | E | B | F |
4 | 4.5 | H | I | J | A | D | E | B | F |
5 | 4.5 | H | I | J | A | D | E | B | F |
6 | 2.2–2.8 | H | I | J | A | D | E | B | F |
7 | 6.5 | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H |
8 | 1.5–2.2 | H | I | J | A | D | E | B | F |
9 | 6.5 | H | I | J | A | D | E | B | F |
10 | 0.7 | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H |
11 | 8 | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H |
12 | 0.3–0.6 | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H |
13 | 0.5–1.2 | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H |
14 | 3.5 | A | H | - | - | - | - | - | - |
15 | 4.5 | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H |
16 | 6.5 | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H |
17 | 8.5 | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H |
18 | 1.0–1.5 | A | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
19 | 1.5–2.2 | H | I | J | A | D | E | B | F |
20 | 2.2–2.8 | H | I | J | A | D | E | B | F |
21 | 0.5–1.2 | A | H | - | - | - | - | - | - |
22 | 1.0–1.5 | A | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
23 | 1.5–2.2 | A | H | - | - | - | - | - | - |
24 | 2.2–2.8 | A | H | - | - | - | - | - | - |
25 | 4.5 | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H |
26 | 8 | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H |
27 | 8 | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H |
28 | 8 | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H |
4.2. Mycobiota Analysis
4.3. Mycotoxin Analysis
4.4. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Greco, M.; Pardo, A.; Pose, G. Mycotoxigenic Fungi and Natural Co-Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Feeds. Toxins 2015, 7, 4595-4609. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins7114595
Greco M, Pardo A, Pose G. Mycotoxigenic Fungi and Natural Co-Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Feeds. Toxins. 2015; 7(11):4595-4609. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins7114595
Chicago/Turabian StyleGreco, Mariana, Alejandro Pardo, and Graciela Pose. 2015. "Mycotoxigenic Fungi and Natural Co-Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Feeds" Toxins 7, no. 11: 4595-4609. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins7114595
APA StyleGreco, M., Pardo, A., & Pose, G. (2015). Mycotoxigenic Fungi and Natural Co-Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Feeds. Toxins, 7(11), 4595-4609. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins7114595