Determination of Urinary Biomarkers for Assessment of Short-Term Human Exposure to Aflatoxins in São Paulo, Brazil
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Method Performance
Analyte | LOD (pg·mL−1) | LOQ (pg·mL−1) | Spiking Level a (pg·mL−1) | Recovery a (%) | CV b (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
AFM1 | 0.075 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 87 | 27 |
2.50 | 80 | 6 | |||
5.00 | 79 | 4 | |||
AFB1 | 0.075 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 83 | 25 |
2.50 | 78 | 14 | |||
5.00 | 78 | 10 | |||
AFB2 | 0.03 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 95 | 20 |
2.50 | 81 | 11 | |||
5.00 | 95 | 4 | |||
AFL | 0.075 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 88 | 22 |
2.50 | 87 | 2 | |||
5.00 | 84 | 3 | |||
AFG1 | 0.03 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 73 | 28 |
2.50 | 81 | 3 | |||
5.00 | 78 | 13 | |||
AFG2 | 0.075 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 75 | 15 |
2.50 | 67 | 7 | |||
5.00 | 70 | 4 |
2.2. Analysis of Urine Samples from Volunteers
Individual | Sampling A June 2011 (N = 16) | Sampling B September 2011 (N = 16) | Sampling C December 2011 (N = 16) | Sampling D March 2012 (N = 16) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
pg·mL−1 | pg·mg−1 Creatinine | pg·mL−1 | pg·mg−1 Creatinine | pg·mL−1 | pg·mg−1 Creatinine | pg·mL−1 | pg·mg−1 Creatinine | |
Females | ||||||||
1 | 3.9 | 2.0 | 0.70 | 0.67 | 4.2 | 2.0 | 0.46 | 0.27 |
2 | 3.5 | 2.3 | ND | ND | 1.20 | 1.2 | 0.36 | 0.28 |
3 | 3.1 | 2.2 | ND | ND | 1.20 | 1.1 | 0.36 | 0.19 |
4 | ND | ND | 1.7 | 2.2 | 1.30 | 1.9 | ND | ND |
5 | 0.38 | 0.31 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
6 | 0.48 | 1.4 | 1.2 | 2.3 | 0.50 | 0.68 | ND | ND |
7 | 0.75 | 1.6 | ND | ND | 0.65 | 0.49 | 0.25 | 0.54 |
8 | ND | ND | 0.27 | 0.57 | ND | ND | 0.27 | 0.41 |
Mean ± SD | 2.0 ± 1.6 | 1.6 ± 0.7 | 1.0 ± 0.6 | 1.5 ± 1.0 | 1.5 ± 1.4 | 1.2 ± 0.6 a | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 0.3 ± 0.1 |
Median | 1.9 | 1.8 | 1.0 | 1.5 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 0.4 | 0.3 |
Range | 0.38–3.9 | 0.31–2.3 | 0.27–1.7 | 0.57–2.3 | 0.50–4.2 | 0.49–2.0 | 0.25–0.46 | 0.27–0.54 |
n (%) 2 | 6 (75) | 4 (50) | 6 (75) | 5 (63) | ||||
Males | ||||||||
9 | 0.7 | 0.25 | 1.1 | 0.44 | 1.0 | 0.44 | 0.35 | 0.21 |
10 | ND | ND | 6.9 | 12.7 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
11 | 0.3 | 0.40 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
12 | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.44 | 0.34 | ND | ND |
13 | 0.8 | 0.58 | 0.53 | 0.38 | 0.56 | 0.35 | ND | ND |
14 | 0.78 | 2.24 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
15 | 0.52 | 0.38 | 0.91 | 0.50 | ND | ND | 0.29 | 0.19 |
16 | 5.2 | 2.8 | 0.60 | 0.24 | 0.76 | 0.20 | 1.3 | 0.66 |
Mean ± SD | 1.5 ± 1.9 | 1.3 ± 1.1 | 2.2 ± 2.7 | 3.0 ± 5.0 | 0.6 ± 0.2 | 0.3 ± 0.1 b | 0.8 ± 0.6 | 0.4 ± 0.3 |
Median | 0.74 | 0.49 | 0.91 | 0.44 | 0.66 | 0.35 | 0.35 | 0.21 |
Range | 0.52–5.2 | 0.25–2.8 | 0.53–6.9 | 0.24–12.7 | 0.44–1.0 | 0.20–0.44 | 0.29–1.3 | 0.19–0.66 |
n (%) 2 | 7 (88) | 5 (63) | 4 (50) | 3 (38) | ||||
Total | ||||||||
Mean ± SD | 1.7 ± 1.7 | 1.4 ± 0.9 | 1.5 ± 2.0 | 2.0 ± 4.0 | 1.2 ± 1.1 | 1.0 ± 1.0 a | 0.5 ± 0.4 | 0.3 ± 0.2 |
Median | 0.77 | 1.5 | 0.91 | 0.57 | 0.89 | 0.59 | 0.36 | 0.27 |
Range | 0.38–5.2 | 0.25–2.8 | 0.27–6.9 | 0.24–12.7 | 0.44–4.2 | 0.20–2.0 | 0.25–1.3 | 0.19–0.66 |
n (%) 2 | 12 (75) | 9 (56) | 10 (63) | 8 (50) |
3. Experimental Section
3.1. Sampling Design
3.2. Chemicals and Materials
3.3. Determination of Aflatoxins in Urine Samples by UPLC-MS/MS
Analyte | Precursor Ion (m/z) | Product Ions (m/z) | Cone Voltage (V) | Collision Energy (V) |
---|---|---|---|---|
AFB1 | 313 | 285 a | 94 | 36 |
241 b | 94 | 22 | ||
AFB2 | 315 | 287 a | 2 | 26 |
259 b | 2 | 28 | ||
AFG1 | 329 | 243 a | 2 | 26 |
200 b | 2 | 38 | ||
AFG2 | 331 | 245 a | 56 | 28 |
189 b | 56 | 40 | ||
AFM1 | 329 | 273 a | 52 | 24 |
229 b | 52 | 38 | ||
AFL | 297 | 269 a | 40 | 20 |
115 b | 40 | 58 |
3.4. Method Validation for Determination of Aflatoxins Residues in Urine
3.5. Determination of Creatinine in Urine Samples
3.6. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Jager, A.V.; Tonin, F.G.; Souto, P.C.M.C.; Privatti, R.T.; Oliveira, C.A.F. Determination of Urinary Biomarkers for Assessment of Short-Term Human Exposure to Aflatoxins in São Paulo, Brazil. Toxins 2014, 6, 1996-2007. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins6071996
Jager AV, Tonin FG, Souto PCMC, Privatti RT, Oliveira CAF. Determination of Urinary Biomarkers for Assessment of Short-Term Human Exposure to Aflatoxins in São Paulo, Brazil. Toxins. 2014; 6(7):1996-2007. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins6071996
Chicago/Turabian StyleJager, Alessandra V., Fernando G. Tonin, Pollyana C. M. C. Souto, Rafaela T. Privatti, and Carlos A. F. Oliveira. 2014. "Determination of Urinary Biomarkers for Assessment of Short-Term Human Exposure to Aflatoxins in São Paulo, Brazil" Toxins 6, no. 7: 1996-2007. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins6071996