Effectiveness of the High Dose/Refuge Strategy for Managing Pest Resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Plants Expressing One or Two Toxins
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Parameters
Symbol | Default-Value | Tested-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Operational Parameters | Refuge zone proportion | v | 0.05 [37] | 0.05–0.10–0.20–0.30–0.40 |
Selection of the toxin A | sBtA | 1 [37] | 1–0.93–0.50 | |
Selection of the toxin B | sBtB | 1 [37] | 1–0.93–0.50 | |
Field area (hectare) | 260 [38] | na | ||
Plants/hectare | 67,000 [38] | na | ||
Biological Parameters | Initial Ar frequency | ArFreq | 1.5 × 10−3 [39] | 1.5 × 10−2–1.5 × 10−1 |
Initial Br frequency | BrFreq | 1.5 × 10−3 [39] | 1.5 × 10−2–1.5 × 10−1 | |
Ar dominance | hAr | 0 [12,40] | 0–0.23–0.53 | |
Br dominance | hBr | 0 [12,40] | 0–0.23–0.53 | |
Fitness cost associated to Ar | fcostA | 0.15 [41] | na | |
Fitness cost associated to Br | fcostB | 0.15 [41] | na | |
Fitness cost dominance associated to Ar | hfcA | 0 [42,43,44] | na | |
Fitness cost dominance associated to Br | hfcB | 0 [42,43,44] | na | |
Initial individual number/ha | nzero | 50,000 [38] | na | |
Intrinsic growth rate | r | 0.15 [45,46] | na | |
Carrying capacity/plant | K | 22 [38] | na |
2.1.1. Resistance Alleles
2.1.2. Relative Size of the Refuge Zone (v)
2.1.3. Mortality Exerted by the Bt Plants on Susceptible Insects and Resistance Allele Dominance
2.1.4. Fitness Cost of Resistance and Fitness Cost Dominance
2.1.5. Fitness Estimation
2.1.6. Initial Individual Number (Nzero); Carrying Capacity (K); Population Intrinsic Growth Rate (r):
2.2. Model Description
2.3. Model Output
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Efficiency of the HD/R Strategy for Bt Plants Expressing High Dose of One or Two Toxins, with Initially Rare Resistance Alleles
3.2. Efficiency of the HD/R Strategy if Resistance Is Initially Not Rare in the Population
A. | Bt plants Synthesizing One Toxin | GF50 | % Pop. Decrease | |||
Gen 2/Gen1 | Gen 10/Gen 1 | |||||
1 | Initial Conditions (sBtA = 1, hAr = 0, Ar Freq = 0.001, v = 5%) | 48 | 94 | 1 | ||
2 | Impact of the Ar Frequency | Ar Freq 0.0015 | 48 | 94 | 1 | |
Ar Freq 0.015 | 8 | 94 | 99.9 | |||
Ar Freq 0.15 | 2 | 92 | 99.1 | |||
3 | Impact of the Cry Concentration | hAr 0-sBtA 1 | 48 | 94 | 1 | |
hAr 0.23-sBtA 0.93 | 7 | 86 | 99.9 | |||
hAr 0.53-sBtA 0.50 | 20 | 39 | 98.7 | |||
4 | Impact of the Refuge Zone Proportion | v 0.05 | 48 | 94 | 1 | |
v 0.1 | 96 | 88 | 99.9 | |||
v 0.2 | 213 | 77 | 99.9 | |||
v 0.3 | 373 | 65 | 98.9 | |||
v 0.4 | <500 | 54 | 99.8 | |||
B. | Bt plants synthesizing two toxins | GF50 | % pop. decrease | |||
Gen 2/Gen1 | Gen 10/Gen 1 | |||||
1 | Initial Conditions | >500 | 94 | 1 | ||
2 | Impact of the Ar Frequency(Br: 0.0015) | Ar Freq 0.0015 | >500 | 94 | 1 | |
Ar Freq 0.015 | >500 | 94 | 1 | |||
Ar Freq 0.15 | >500 | 94 | 1 | |||
3 | Impact of the Ar and Br Frequencies | Ar Freq 0.15-Br Freq 0.15 | 8 | 94 | 99.9 | |
4 | Impact of the Cryconcentration | hAr 0-sBtA 1 | hBr 0-sBtB 1 | >500 | 94 | 1 |
hBr 0.23-sBtB 0.93 | >500 | 94 | 1 | |||
hBr 0.53-sBtB 0.50 | 107 | 94 | 1 | |||
hAr 0.53-sBtA 0.50 | hBr 0.23-sBtB 0.93 | 22 | 90 | 99.9 | ||
hBr 0.53-sBtB 0.50 | 25 | 67 | 99.9 | |||
hAr 0.23-sBtA 0.93 | hBr 0.23-sBtB 0.93 | 21 | 94 | 1 | ||
5 | Impact of the Cry Concentration and of the Resistance Alleles Frequency | hAr 0-sBtA 1 hBr 0.23-sBtB 0.93 | Ar Freq 0.0015-Br Freq 0.15 | >500 | 94 | 1 |
Ar Freq0.15-Br Freq 0.0015 | 9 | 94 | q | |||
hAr 0-sBtA 1 hBr 0.53-sBtB 0.50 | Ar Freq 0.0015-Br Freq 0.15 | 90 | 94 | 1 | ||
Ar Freq0.15-Br Freq 0.0015 | 20 | 93 | 99.9 | |||
6 | Impact of the Toxin Concentrations and of the Refuge Zone Proportion | hAr 0-sBtA 1 hBr 0.53-sBtB 0.50 | v 0.05 | 107 | 94 | 1 |
v 0.1 | 207 | 88 | 99.9 | |||
v 0.2 | 462 | 77 | 99.9 | |||
v 0.3 | >500 | 65 | 99.9 | |||
v 0.4 | >500 | 54 | 99.8 | |||
hAr 0.53-sBtA 0.50 hBr 0.53-sBtB 0.50 | v 0.05 | 25 | 67 | 99.9 | ||
v 0.1 | 29 | 62 | 99.9 | |||
v 0.2 | 38 | 53 | 99.9 | |||
v 0.3 | 51 | 45 | 99.5 | |||
v 0.4 | 72 | 36 | 98.2 | |||
hAr 0.53-sBtA 0.50 hBr 0.23-sBtB 0.93 | v 0.05 | 22 | 90 | 99.9 | ||
v 0.1 | 27 | 85 | 99.9 | |||
v 0.2 | 39 | 73 | 99.9 | |||
v 0.3 | 54 | 62 | 99.9 | |||
v 0.4 | 75 | 51 | 99.8 | |||
hAr 0.23-sBtA 0.93 hBr 0.23-sBtB 0.93 | v 0.05 | 21 | 94 | 1 | ||
v 0.1 | 38 | 87 | 99.9 | |||
v 0.2 | 81 | 76 | 99.9 | |||
v 0.3 | 141 | 65 | 99.9 | |||
v 0.4 | 233 | 53 | 99.8 |
3.3. Efficiency of the HD/R Strategy If Bt Plants Produce a Low Toxin Concentration (for One or Two Toxins)
3.4. Efficiency of the HD/R Strategy If Resistance Is not Rare in the Population and Two-Toxin Bt Plants Produce a Low Toxin Concentration
3.5. Efficiency of the HD/R Strategy in Relation to the Refuge Zone Proportion
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Conflict of Interests
References
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Gryspeirt, A.; Grégoire, J.-C. Effectiveness of the High Dose/Refuge Strategy for Managing Pest Resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Plants Expressing One or Two Toxins. Toxins 2012, 4, 810-835. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins4100810
Gryspeirt A, Grégoire J-C. Effectiveness of the High Dose/Refuge Strategy for Managing Pest Resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Plants Expressing One or Two Toxins. Toxins. 2012; 4(10):810-835. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins4100810
Chicago/Turabian StyleGryspeirt, Aiko, and Jean-Claude Grégoire. 2012. "Effectiveness of the High Dose/Refuge Strategy for Managing Pest Resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Plants Expressing One or Two Toxins" Toxins 4, no. 10: 810-835. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins4100810