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Article

Association of Urinary Mycotoxins with Sperm Quality: A Case-Control Study in Southern Nigeria

by
Friday Ebhodaghe Okonofua
1,2,3,*,
Lorretta Favour Chizomam Ntoimo
1,3,4,
Emmanuel Iyayi Unuabonah
5,6,
Titus Afred Makudali Msagati
7,
Oladiran Ayodeji
8,
Michael Aziken
2,
Akhere Omonkhua
1,9,
Victor Ohenhen
10,
Celestina Olafusi
11 and
Moses O. Alfred
5,6
1
Centre of Excellence in Reproductive Health Innovation (CERHI), University of Benin, Benin City 300213, Nigeria
2
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, University of Benin, Benin City 300213, Nigeria
3
Women’s Health and Action Research Centre (WHARC), Benin City 300283, Nigeria
4
Department of Demography and Social Statistics, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Oye-Ekiti 371104, Nigeria
5
Department of Chemical Sciences, Redeemer University, Ede 232101, Nigeria
6
African Centre of Excellence for Water and Environmental Research (ACEWATER), Redeemer’s University, Ede 232101, Nigeria
7
Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, College of Science, Engineering & Technology, University of South Africa, The Science Campus, Corner Christiaan De Wet and Pioneer Drive, Roodepoort, Johannesburg 1709, South Africa
8
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Medical Sciences, Ilaje, Ondo 351104, Nigeria
9
Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City 300213, Nigeria
10
Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Central Hospital, Benin City 300102, Nigeria
11
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Medical Sciences, Ilaje, Ondo 351104, Nigeria
 
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Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Toxins 2024, 16(3), 119; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins16030119
Submission received: 24 January 2024 / Revised: 13 February 2024 / Accepted: 15 February 2024 / Published: 29 February 2024
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Abstract

The objective of this study was to determine the association between mycotoxins and the quality of spermatozoa in Nigeria. We designed a prospective case-control study involving 136 men diagnosed with reduced sperm count and quality in five infertility clinics in southwest Nigeria and 154 normal fertile controls. Sperm analysis was conducted in accordance with the recommendations of the World Health OrganizationWHO, while Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry was used to assay three metabolites of mycotoxins (zearalenone, ochratoxin A, and deoxyvinelol) in the urine samples of cases and controls. The data were analysed with descriptive statistics and non-parametric linear regression. The results showed no overall significant difference in levels of these metabolites between the cases and control groups. In contrast, higher levels of zearalenone and ochratoxin A significantly decreased sperm motility in the cases. Similarly, an increase in the level of ochratoxin A decreased sperm morphology in the unadjusted model in the cases. We conclude that exposure to mycotoxins reduces the quality of spermatozoa (motility and morphology) in Nigerian men but may have no effect on sperm count. Efforts to reduce the exposure of men to mycotoxins are important interventions to improve sperm quality and reduce the prevalence of male infertility in the country.
Keywords: male infertility; urinary mycotoxins; Nigeria; case-control study; sperm count male infertility; urinary mycotoxins; Nigeria; case-control study; sperm count

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MDPI and ACS Style

Okonofua, F.E.; Ntoimo, L.F.C.; Unuabonah, E.I.; Msagati, T.A.M.; Ayodeji, O.; Aziken, M.; Omonkhua, A.; Ohenhen, V.; Olafusi, C.; Alfred, M.O. Association of Urinary Mycotoxins with Sperm Quality: A Case-Control Study in Southern Nigeria. Toxins 2024, 16, 119. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins16030119

AMA Style

Okonofua FE, Ntoimo LFC, Unuabonah EI, Msagati TAM, Ayodeji O, Aziken M, Omonkhua A, Ohenhen V, Olafusi C, Alfred MO. Association of Urinary Mycotoxins with Sperm Quality: A Case-Control Study in Southern Nigeria. Toxins. 2024; 16(3):119. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins16030119

Chicago/Turabian Style

Okonofua, Friday Ebhodaghe, Lorretta Favour Chizomam Ntoimo, Emmanuel Iyayi Unuabonah, Titus Afred Makudali Msagati, Oladiran Ayodeji, Michael Aziken, Akhere Omonkhua, Victor Ohenhen, Celestina Olafusi, and Moses O. Alfred. 2024. "Association of Urinary Mycotoxins with Sperm Quality: A Case-Control Study in Southern Nigeria" Toxins 16, no. 3: 119. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins16030119

APA Style

Okonofua, F. E., Ntoimo, L. F. C., Unuabonah, E. I., Msagati, T. A. M., Ayodeji, O., Aziken, M., Omonkhua, A., Ohenhen, V., Olafusi, C., & Alfred, M. O. (2024). Association of Urinary Mycotoxins with Sperm Quality: A Case-Control Study in Southern Nigeria. Toxins, 16(3), 119. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins16030119

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