Emerging Plant Intoxications in Domestic Animals: A European Perspective
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Plants Involved and Their Description
2.1. Allium cepa and Allium sativum
2.2. Anthurium spp.
2.3. Arum italicum
2.4. Cycas revoluta
2.5. Lantana camara
2.6. Lilium spp.
2.7. Melia azedarach
2.8. Nandina domestica
2.9. Persea americana
2.10. Prunus laurocerasus
2.11. Sorghum spp.
2.12. Spathiphyllum spp.
2.13. Zantedeschia aethiopica
2.14. Other Ornamental Plants
3. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Welch, K. Editorial—Plant toxins. Toxicon 2019, 168, 140. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bertero, A.; Davanzo, F.; Rivolta, M.; Cortinovis, C.; Vasquez, A.; Le Mura, A.; Masuelli, A.; Caloni, F. Plants and zootoxins: Toxico-epidemiological investigation in domestic animals. Toxicon 2021, 196, 25–31. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Anadón, A.; Martínez-Larrañaga, M.R.; Castellano, V. Poisonous plants of Europe. In Veterinary Toxicology: Basic and Clinical Principles, 2nd ed.; Gupta, R.C., Ed.; Academic Press (Elsevier): New York, NY, USA, 2012; pp. 1080–1094. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Panter, K.E.; Welch, K.D.; Gardner, D.R.; Lee, S.T.; Green, B.T.; Pfister, J.A.; Cook, D.; Davis, T.Z.; Stegelmeier, B.L. Important poisonous plants of the United States. In Veterinary Toxicology: Basic and Clinical Principles, 2nd ed.; Gupta, R.C., Ed.; Academic Press (Elsevier): New York, NY, USA, 2012; pp. 1031–1079. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Berny, P.; Caloni, F.; Croubels, S.; Sachana, M.; Vandenbroucke, V.; Davanzo, F.; Guitart, R. Animal poisoning in Europe. Part 2: Companion animals. Vet. J. 2010, 183, 255–259. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Anadón, A.; Martínez-Larrañaga, M.R.; Castellano, V. Poisonous plants of Europe. In Veterinary Toxicology: Basic and Clinical Principles, 3rd ed.; Gupta, R.C., Ed.; Academic Press (Elsevier): New York, NY, USA, 2018; pp. 891–909. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Caloni, F.; Berny, P.; Croubels, S.; Sachana, M.; Guitart, R. Epidemiology of Animal Poisonings in Europe. In Veterinary Toxicology: Basic and Clinical Principles, 3rd ed.; Gupta, R.C., Ed.; Academic Press (Elsevier): New York, NY, USA, 2018; pp. 45–56. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bertero, A.; Fossati, P.; Caloni, F. Indoor companion animal poisoning by plants in Europe. Front. Vet. Sci. 2020, 7, 487. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cortinovis, C.; Caloni, F. Plants Toxic to Farm and Companion Animals. In Plant Toxins; Carlini, C.R., Ligabue-Braun, R., Eds.; Springer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 2017; pp. 107–134. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vandenbroucke, V.; Van Pelt, H.; De Backer, P.; Croubels, S. Animal poisonings in Belgium: A review of the past decade. Vlaams Diergeneeskd. Tijdschr. 2010, 79, 259–268. [Google Scholar]
- Guitart, R.; Croubels, S.; Caloni, F.; Sachana, M.; Davanzo, F.; Vandenbroucke, V.; Berny, P. Animal poisoning in Europe. Part 1: Farm livestock and poultry. Vet. J. 2010, 183, 249–254. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Barbier, N. Bilan d’activite Du Centre National d’Informations Toxicologiques Veterinaires Pour Lannee 2003. Ph.D. Thesis, VetAgro Sup, Lyon, France, 2005; 220p. [Google Scholar]
- Cortinovis, C.; Caloni, F. Epidemiology of intoxication of domestic animals by plants in Europe. Vet. J. 2013, 197, 163–168. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Keck, G.; Berny, P.; Buronfosse, F.; Pineau, X.; Vermorel, E.; Rebelle, B. Veterinary Toxicovigilance: Objectives, Means and Organisation in France. Vet. Res. Commun. 2004, 28, 75–82. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Caloni, F.; Cortinovis, C.; Rivolta, M.; Alonge, S.; Davanzo, F. Plant poisoning in domestic animals: Epidemiological data from an Italian survey, 2000–2011. Vet Rec. 2013, 172, 580. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ruiz, H.; Lacasta, D.; Ramos, J.J.; Quintas, H.; Ruiz de Arcaute, M.; Ramo, M.Á.; Villanueva-Saz, S.; Ferrer, L.M. Anaemia in Ruminants Caused by Plant Consumption. Animals 2022, 12, 2373. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cope, R.B. Allium species poisoning in dogs and cats. Vet. Med. 2015, 100, 562–566. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kovalkovičová, N.; Šutiaková, I.; Pistl, J.; Šutiak, V. Some food toxic for pets. Interdisc. Toxicol. 2009, 2, 169–176. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Atha, D.; Boom, B.; Thornbrough, A. Arum italicum (Araceae) is invasive in New York. Phytoneuron 2017, 31, 1–18. [Google Scholar]
- Fatourechi, L.; DelGiudice, L.A.; Sookhoo, N. Sago palm toxicosis in dogs. Compend. Contin. Edu. Vet. 2013, 35, e1–e8. [Google Scholar]
- Burrows, G.E.; Tyrl, R.J. Toxic Plants of North America, 2nd ed.; Wiley-Blackwell: Ames, IA, USA, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Ghisalberti, E.L. Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae). Fitoterapia 2000, 71, 467–486. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rumbeiha, W.K.; Francis, J.A.; Fitzgerald, S.D.; Nair, M.G.; Holan, K.; Bugyei, K.A.; Simmons, H. A comprehensive study of Easter lily poisoning in cats. J. Vet. Diagn. Investig. 2004, 16, 527–541. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Hare, W.R. Meliatoxins. In Clinical Veterinary Toxicology, 1st ed.; Plumlee, K.H., Ed.; Mosby: St. Louis, MO, USA, 2004; pp. 415–416. [Google Scholar]
- Ferreiro, D.; Orozco, J.P.; Mirón, C.; Real, T.; Hernández-Moreno, D.; Soler, F.; Pérez-López, M. Chinaberry Tree (Melia azedarach) Poisoning in Dog: A Case Report. Top Companion Anim. Med. 2010, 25, 64–67. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Forrester, M. Pediatric Nandina domestica ingestions reported to poison centers. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 2018, 37, 338–342. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Knight, A.P. Plant Poisoning of Small Ruminants. In Proceedings of the 37th Annual Conference American Association of Bovine Practitioners, Fort Worth, TX, USA, 23–25 September 2004; Smith, R.A., Ed.; Frontier Printing, Inc.: Fort Collins, CO, USA; pp. 127–134. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schmidt, B.; Goerigk, D.; Locher, L.; Jäger, K.; Bachmann, L.; Coenen, M. Cyanide toxicosis in goats after ingestion of improperly stored green waste from cherry laurel (Prunus laurocerasus L.)—A case report. Prakt. Tierarzt. 2013, 94, 722–731. [Google Scholar]
- Radi, Z.A.; Styer, E.L.; Thompson, L.J. Prunus spp. intoxication in ruminants: A case in a goat and diagnosis by identification of leaf fragments in rumen contents. J. Vet. Diagn. Investig. 2004, 16, 593–599. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Vough, L. Preventing Prussic Acid Poisoning of Livestock. Extension Circular 950. Oregon State University Extension Service. May 1978. Available online: https://forages.oregonstate.edu/fi/topics/pasturesandgrazing/grazingsystemdesign/preventingprussicacidpoisening (accessed on 10 April 2023).
- Gwaltney-Brant, S. Toxicology of Plants (Proceedings). 2009. Available online: https://www.dvm360.com/view/toxicology-plants-proceedings (accessed on 4 May 2023).
- Botha, C.J.; Penrith, M.L. Potential plant poisonings in dogs and cats in southern Africa. J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc. 2009, 80, 63–74. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Cortinovis, C.; Caloni, F. Household Food Items Toxic to Dogs and Cats. Front. Vet. Sci. 2016, 3, 26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Salgado, B.S.; Monteiro, L.N.; Rocha, N.S. Allium species poisoning in dogs and cats. J. Venom. Anim. Toxins Incl. Trop. Dis. 2011, 17, 4–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bischoff, K. Toxicity of Over-the-Counter Drugs. In Veterinary Toxicology: Basic and Clinical Principles, 3rd ed.; Gupta, R.C., Ed.; Academic Press (Elsevier): New York, NY, USA, 2018; pp. 357–384. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, K.-W. Hematologic changes associated with the appearance of eccentrocytes after intragastric administration of garlic extract to dogs. Am. J. Vet. Res. 2000, 61, 1446–1450. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Caldin, M.; Carli, E.; Furlanello, T.; Solano-Gallego, L.; Tasca, S.; Patron, C.; Lubas, G. A retrospective study of 60 cases of eccentrocytosis in the dog. Vet. Clin. Pathol. 2005, 34, 224–231. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tang, X.; Xia, Z.; Yu, J. An experimental study of hemolysis induced by onion (Allium cepa) poisoning in dogs. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 2008, 31, 143–149. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Thrall, M.A. Regenerative anemia. In Veterinary Hematology and Clinical Chemistry, 2nd ed.; Thrall, M.A., Weiser, G., Allison, R.W., Campbell, T.W., Eds.; John Wiley & Sons: Ames, IA, USA, 2012; pp. 87–113. [Google Scholar]
- Yamoto, O.; Maede, Y. Susceptibility to onion-induced hemolysis in dogs with hereditary high erythrocyte reduced glutathione and potassium concentrations. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1992, 53, 134–137. [Google Scholar]
- Altinok-Yipel, F.; Yipel, M.; Tekeli, I.O. Allium spp. toxicosis in small animals: A case report. Acta Hortic. 2016, 1143, 311–314. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Guitart, R.; Mateu, C.; Lopez, A.; Alberola, A.J. Heinz body anaemia in two dogs after Catalan spring onion (“calcot”) ingestion: A case reports. Vet. Med. 2008, 53, 392–395. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Jayson, S.; Masters, N.; Strike, T. Successful management of Heinz body hemolytic anemia associated with leek (Allium ampeloprasum) ingestion in a South American coati (Nasua nasua). J. Vet. Emerg. Crit. Care 2020, 30, 86–91. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Poli, L. Floral vasculature and its variation for carpellary supply in Anthurium (Araceae, Alismatales). PeerJ 2017, 5, e2929. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Collette, V.E.; Jameson, P.E.; Schwinn, K.E.; Umaharan, P.; Davies, K.M. Temporal and spatial expression of flavonoid biosynthetic genes in flowers of Anthurium andraeanum. Physiol. Plant 2004, 122, 297–304. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pet Poison Helpline. Anthurium. Available online: https://www.petpoisonhelpline.com/poison/anthurium/ (accessed on 3 May 2023).
- Chang, S.S.; Chan, Y.L.; Wu, M.L. Acute Cycas seed poisoning in Taiwan. J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol. 2004, 42, 49–54. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Milewski, L.M.; Khan, S.A. An overview of potentially life-threatening poisonous plants in dogs and cats. J. Vet. Emerg. Crit. Care 2006, 16, 25–33. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ferguson, D.; Crowe, M.; McLaughlin, L. Survival and prognostic indicators for cycad intoxication in dogs. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 2011, 25, 831–837. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- McKenzie, R. Poisoning of companion animals by garden and house plants in Queensland: A veterinary practice survey. Aust. Vet. J. 2007, 85, 467–468. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lake, B.; Edwards, T.; Atiee, G. The characterization of cycad palm toxicosis and treatment effects in 130 dogs. Aust. Vet. J. 2020, 98, 555–562. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- ASPCA. Toxic and Non-Toxic Plants. Lantana. Available online: https://www.aspca.org/pet-care/animal-poison-control/toxic-and-non-toxic-plants/lantana (accessed on 27 April 2023).
- Sharma, O.P.; Sharma, S.; Pattabhi, V.; Mahato, S.B.; Sharma, P.D. A Review of the Hepatotoxic Plant Lantana camara. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 2007, 37, 313–352. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ayub, A.; Begum, S.; Nawazish, S.A.; Tahir, S.A.; Shaheen, B.S. Triterpenoids from the aerial parts of Lantana camara. J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res. 2019, 21, 141–149. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mohan Ram, H.Y. Flower Colour Changes in Lantana camara. J. Exp. Bot. 1984, 35, 1656–1662. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sharma, O.P.; Makkar, H.P.; Dawra, R.K.; Negi, S.S. A review of the toxicity of Lantana camara (Linn) in animals. Clin. Toxicol. 1981, 18, 1077–1094. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gupta, P.K. Veterinary toxicology. In Illustrated Toxicology; Gupta, P.K., Ed.; Academic Press (Elsevier): New York, NY, USA, 2018; pp. 427–517. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bischoff, K.; Mukai, M.; Ramaiah, S.K. Liver Toxicity. In Veterinary Toxicology: Basic and Clinical Principles, 3rd ed.; Gupta, R.C., Ed.; Academic Press (Elsevier): New York, NY, USA, 2018; pp. 239–255. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pet Poison Helpline. Lantana. Available online: https://www.petpoisonhelpline.com/poison/lantana/ (accessed on 15 May 2023).
- Tang, Y.; Liu, Y.; Luo, K.; Xu, L.; Yang, P.; Ming, J. Potential Applications of Lilium Plants in Cosmetics: A Comprehensive Review Based on Research Papers and Patents. Antioxidants 2022, 11, 1458. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Uhlig, S.; Hussain, F.; Wisløff, H. Bioassay-guided fractionation of extracts from Easter lily (Lilium longiflorum) flowers reveals unprecedented structural variability of steroidal glycoalkaloids. Toxicon 2014, 15, 42–49. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bates, N.; Rawson-Harris, P.; Edwards, N. Common questions in veterinary toxicology. J. Small Anim. Pract. 2015, 56, 298–306. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hall, J.O. Lily. In Clinical Veterinary Toxicology, 1st ed.; Plumlee, K.H., Ed.; Mosby: St. Louis, MO, USA, 2004; pp. 433–435. [Google Scholar]
- Caloni, F.; Cortinovis, C.; Rivolta, M.; Davanzo, F. Natural toxins: Poisoning of domestic animal in Italy—2016 annual report. Toxicol. Lett. 2017, 280, S199. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ozaki, K.; Hirabayashi, M.; Nomura, K.; Narama, I. Suspected lily toxicosis in a meerkat (Suricata suricatta): A case report. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 2018, 80, 485–487. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Hare, W.R.; Schutzman, H.; Lee, B.R.; Knight, M.W. Chinaberry poisoning in two dogs. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 1997, 210, 1638–1640. [Google Scholar]
- Zona, S. Fruits of Nandina domestica are (Sometimes) Cyanogenic and (Sometimes) Hazardous to Birds. Poisonous Plant Res. (PPR) 2022, 5, 1–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Panter, K.E. Cyanogenic glycoside–Containing plants. In Veterinary Toxicology: Basic and Clinical Principles, 3rd ed.; Gupta, R.C., Ed.; Academic Press (Elsevier): New York, NY, USA, 2018; pp. 935–940. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yamane, H.; Konno, K.; Sabelis, M.; Takabayashi, J.; Sassa, T.; Oikawa, H. Chemical defence and toxins of plants. In Comprehensive Natural Products II Chemistry and Biology, 1st ed.; Mander, L., Lui, H.-W., Eds.; Elsevier: Oxford, UK, 2010; pp. 339–385. [Google Scholar]
- Bhattacharya, R. Cyanide Toxicity and its Treatment. In Handbook of Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents, 1st ed.; Gupta, R.C., Ed.; Academic Press (Elsevier): New York, NY, USA, 2009; pp. 255–270. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Singh, N.; Sharma, B. Toxicological effects of berberine and sanguinarine. Front. Mol. Biosci. 2018, 5, 21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Catherine, B. Household and Garden Plants. In Small Animal Toxicology, 3rd ed.; Peterson, M.E., Talcott, P.A., Eds.; Saunders: Philadelphia, PA, USA, 2013; pp. 357–400. [Google Scholar]
- Afzal, M.; Akhtar, A.; Bukhar, I.R.; Ul, H.; Syed, Z.; Syed, H. A review on avocado fruit: Description, morphological characteristics, composition, nutritional benefits and propagation technique. Plant Cell Biotechnol. Mol. Biol. 2022, 23, 32–41. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Berny, P.; Queffelec, S. Guide Pratique De Toxicologie Clinique Veterinaire; Editions Med’Com: Paris, France, 2014; pp. 112–114. [Google Scholar]
- Colin-Oviedo, Á.; Garza-Aguilar, S.M.; Marín-Obispo, L.M.; Rodríguez-Sánchez, D.G.; Trevino, V.; Hernández-Brenes, C.; Díaz de la Garza, R.I. The Enigmatic Aliphatic Acetogenins and Their Correlations With Lipids During Seed Germination and Leaf Development of Avocado (Persea americana Mill.). Front. Plant. Sci. 2022, 13, 839326. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- MSD Manual. Veterinary Manual. Available online: https://www.msdvetmanual.com/toxicology/food-hazards/avocado-toxicosis-in-animals (accessed on 20 April 2023).
- Pet Poison Helpline. Avocado. Available online: https://www.petpoisonhelpline.com/poison/avocado/ (accessed on 12 May 2023).
- Buoro, I.B.; Nyamwange, S.B.; Chai, D.; Munyua, S.M. Putative avocado toxicity in two dogs. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 1994, 61, 107–109. [Google Scholar]
- Malaspina, P.; Betuzzi, F.; Ingegneri, M.; Smeriglio, A.; Cornara, L.; Trombetta, D. Risk of Poisoning from Garden Plants: Misidentification between Laurel and Cherry Laurel. Toxins 2022, 14, 726. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Veterinary Poisons Information Center. Available online: https://www.vpisglobal.com/2019/10/01/cherry-laurel-and-other-cyanide-containing-plants/ (accessed on 14 May 2023).
- Bolarinwa, I.F.; Oke, M.O.; Olaniyan, S.A.; Ajala, A.S. A Review of Cyanogenic Glycosides in Edible Plants. In Toxicology—New Aspects to This Scientific Conundrum; Soloneski, S., Larramendy, M., Eds.; InTech: London, UK, 2016. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Albaum, H.G.; Tepperman, J.; Bodansky, O. The in vivo inactivation by cyanide of brain cytochrome oxidase and its effect on glycolysis and on the high energy phosphorus compounds in brain. J. Biol. Chem. 1946, 164, 45–51. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Arnold, M.; Gaskill, C.; Smith, S.R.; Lacefield, G.D. Cyanide Poisoning in Ruminants. Agriculture and Natural Resources Publications. 2014. Available online: https://uknowledge.uky.edu/anr_reports/168 (accessed on 9 April 2023).
- Kennedy, A.; Brennan, A.; Mannion, C. Suspected cyanide toxicity in cattle associated with ingestion of laurel—A case report. Ir. Vet. J. 2021, 74, 6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gintaras, D. Veterinary Toxicology; LSMU Leidybos Namai: Kaunas, Lithuania, 2012; pp. 250–253. [Google Scholar]
- Gleadow, R.M.; Ottman, M.J.; Kimball, B.A.; Wall, G.W.; Pinter, P.J.; LaMorte, R.L.; Leavitt, S.W. Drought-induced changes in nitrogen partitioning between cyanide and nitrate in leaves and stems of sorghum grown at elevated CO2 are age dependent. Field Crop. Res. 2016, 185, 97–102. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kojima, M.; Poulton, J.E.; Thayer, S.S.; Conn, E.E. Tissue distributions of dhurrin and of enzymes involved in its metabolism in leaves of Sorghum bicolor. Plant Physiol. 1979, 63, 1022–1028. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Cassida, K. Sorghum-Sudangrass Pasture Poses Prussic Acid and Nitrate Poisoning Risk. Forage Connection. Available online: https://forage.msu.edu/extension/sorghum-sudangrass-pasture-poses-prussic-acid-and-nitrate-poisoning-risk/ (accessed on 10 April 2023).
- Strickland, G.; Richards, C.; Zhang, H.; Step, D.L. Prussic Acid Poisoning. PSS-2904. Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service. 2017. Available online: https://extension.okstate.edu/fact-sheets/prussic-acid-poisoning.html (accessed on 10 April 2010).
- Majak, W.; Cheng, K.-J. Cyanogenesis in bovine rumen fluid and pure cultures of rumen bacteria. J. Anim. Sci. 1984, 59, 784–790. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Moran, E.A. Cyanogenetic compounds in plants and their significance in animal industry. Am. J. Vet. Res. 1954, 15, 171–176. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Drought Blamed for Dozens of Cow Poisoning Deaths in Italy. Available online: https://phys.org/news/2022-08-drought-blamed-dozens-cow-poisoning.html (accessed on 15 May 2023).
- Richardson, J.A.; Little, S.E. Toxicology. In The Cat; Little, S.E., Ed.; Saunders: Philadelphia, PA, USA, 2012; p. 924. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wismer, T. Feline Toxins: Recognition, Diagnosis, Treatment. In August’s Consultations in Feline Internal Medicine; Little, S.E., Ed.; Saunders: Philadelphia, PA, USA, 2016; pp. 791–798. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Peace Lily Poisoning in Dogs. Available online: https://wagwalking.com/condition/peace-lily-poisoning (accessed on 10 April 2023).
- San Andrés Larrea, M.I.; San Andrés Larrea, M.D.; Rodriguez Fernández, C. Plants, Poisonous (Animals). In Encyclopedia of Toxicology, 3rd ed.; Wexler, P., Ed.; Academic Press (Elsevier): New York, NY, USA, 2014; pp. 960–969. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fitzgerald, K.T. Lily toxicity in the cat. Top. Companion Anim. Med. 2010, 25, 213–217. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Volmer, P.A. Easter lily toxicosis in cats. Vet. Med. 1999, 94, 331. [Google Scholar]
- Siroka, Z. Toxicity of House Plants to Pet Animals. Toxins 2023, 15, 346. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bilgili, A.; Hanedan, B.; Uysal, M. Poisonous Plants for Cats and Dogs Kept in House 1: Dieffenbachia spp., Melia azedarach, Ricinus communis, Euphorbia pulcherrima, Narcissus spp. Curr. Pers. MAPs 2020, 3, 104–112. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Scientific Name | Common Names | Main Toxin Types | Animal Species Affected | Toxic Doses | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Allium cepa; Allium cepa var. aggregatum | Onion, bulb onion, or common onion; shallot | Disulfides and thiosulfates | Dog and cat | 5 g/kg of onions in cats or 15 to 30 g/kg in dogs | [17] |
Allium sativa | Garlic | Disulfides and thiosulfates | Dog and cat | 5 g/kg of garlic | [18] |
Anthurium spp. | Flamingo plant, tailflower, or laceleaf | Insoluble calcium oxalates | Dog and cat | Irritant when chewed, irrespective of the amount | [8] |
Arum italicum | Italian lords-and-ladies or Italian arum | Saponin (Arin), coniine-like alkaloid, insoluble calcium oxalates, and cyanogenic glycosides | Dog | Irritant when chewed, irrespective of the amount | [2,19] |
Cycas revoluta | Sago palm or king sago | Azoxyglycosides, β-methylamino-l-alanine (BMAA), and an unidentified high-molecular-weight compound | Dog | As few as two seeds ingested by dogs can cause signs | [8,18,20] |
Lantana camara | Red sage, yellow sage, wild sage, or shrub verbena | Pentacyclic triterpenoids | Dog | Toxicity varies considerably among cultivars, red- or yellow-flowered types are more toxic; consumption of 1% or more of the animal’s body weight is toxic | [21,22] |
Lilium spp. | Lily | Steroidal glycoalkaloids and steroidal saponins | Cat and dog | Consumption of 1 or 2 leaves or 1 whole flower can cause toxicosis in cats | [21,23] |
Melia azedarach | Chinaberry tree, white cedar, pride of India, or Indian lilac | Tetranortriterpenes-meliatoxins A1, A2, B1, and B2 | Dog | The toxic dose is not clearly established in dogs; 5 to 6 drupes can kill a small dog | [9,24,25] |
Nandina domestica | Nandina, sacred bamboo, or heavenly bamboo | Cyanogenic glycosides and protoberberine alkaloids | Dog and cat | The lethal dose of hydrogen cyanide is 2 to 2.5 mg/kg | [26,27] |
Persea americana | Avocado | Acetogenins (Persin) | Dog | The toxic dose of persin is not established in dogs; foreign body obstruction in case of ingestion of a large seed | [18,21] |
Prunus laurocerasus | Cherry laurel | Cyanogenic glycosides | Goat and dog | 450 g of wilting cherry tree leaves can kill a goat; the lethal dose of hydrogen cyanide is 2 to 2.5 mg/kg | [28,29] |
Sorghum spp. | Sorghum | Cyanogenic glycosides | Cattle | Hydrogen cyanide levels between 50 and 75 mg/100 g are considered mildly toxic and above 100 mg/100 g as extremely toxic | [30] |
Spathiphyllum spp. | Peace lily | Insoluble calcium oxalates | Dog | Irritant when chewed, irrespective of the amount | [21,31] |
Zantedeschia aethiopica | Calla lily | Insoluble calcium oxalates | Dog and cat, may occur in any species | Irritant when chewed, irrespective of the amount | [2,32] |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Nagy, A.-L.; Ardelean, S.; Chapuis, R.J.J.; Bouillon, J.; Pivariu, D.; Dreanca, A.I.; Caloni, F. Emerging Plant Intoxications in Domestic Animals: A European Perspective. Toxins 2023, 15, 442. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins15070442
Nagy A-L, Ardelean S, Chapuis RJJ, Bouillon J, Pivariu D, Dreanca AI, Caloni F. Emerging Plant Intoxications in Domestic Animals: A European Perspective. Toxins. 2023; 15(7):442. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins15070442
Chicago/Turabian StyleNagy, Andras-Laszlo, Sabrina Ardelean, Ronan J. J. Chapuis, Juliette Bouillon, Dalma Pivariu, Alexandra Iulia Dreanca, and Francesca Caloni. 2023. "Emerging Plant Intoxications in Domestic Animals: A European Perspective" Toxins 15, no. 7: 442. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins15070442