The Uremic Toxin Indoxyl Sulfate Accelerates Senescence in Kidney Proximal Tubule Cells
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Proximal Tubule Cells Show Increased Cellular Tolerance against Indoxyl Sulfate over Time
2.2. Indoxyl Sulfate Exposure Results in Sustained Expression of Common Senescence Markers
2.3. Indoxyl Sulfate Accelerates Common SASP Factors Secretion
2.4. Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals Large Scale Changes in Gene Expression during Maturation
2.5. IS Accelerates Senescence by Regulating Senescence Markers
2.6. IS Induces Expression of SASP Factors and EMT Markers
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Culture ciPTEC-OAT1
4.2. Cell Viability Assay
4.3. SA-β-Gal Staining Assay
4.4. Western Blot
4.5. Real-Time PCR
4.6. ELISA
4.7. RNA-Seq Differential Gene Expression Analysis
4.8. Statistics
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gene | Forward Primer | Reverse Primer |
---|---|---|
p21 (CDKN1A) | TGTCCGTCAGAACCCATGC | AAAGTCGAAGTTCCATCGCTC |
laminB1 (LMNB1) | AAGCATGAAACGCGCTTGG | AGTTTGGCATGGTAAGTCTGC |
β-actin (ACTB) | CATGTACGTTGCTATCCAGGC | CTCCTTAATGTCACGCACGAT |
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Yang, Y.; Mihajlovic, M.; Janssen, M.J.; Masereeuw, R. The Uremic Toxin Indoxyl Sulfate Accelerates Senescence in Kidney Proximal Tubule Cells. Toxins 2023, 15, 242. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins15040242
Yang Y, Mihajlovic M, Janssen MJ, Masereeuw R. The Uremic Toxin Indoxyl Sulfate Accelerates Senescence in Kidney Proximal Tubule Cells. Toxins. 2023; 15(4):242. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins15040242
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, Yi, Milos Mihajlovic, Manoe J. Janssen, and Rosalinde Masereeuw. 2023. "The Uremic Toxin Indoxyl Sulfate Accelerates Senescence in Kidney Proximal Tubule Cells" Toxins 15, no. 4: 242. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins15040242