Chronic Kidney Disease-Associated Pruritus
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Epidemiology
3. Etiopathogenesis
3.1. Immune Dysregulation
3.2. Xerosis
3.3. Hyperparathyroidism
3.4. Uremic Toxin Accumulation
3.5. Neural Dysfunction
3.6. Histamine Mechanism
3.7. Opioid Mechanism
3.8. Other Reported Hypothesis
4. Risk Factors Associated with CKD-aP
5. Clinical Features
6. Diagnosis
- Pruritus appears shortly before the onset of dialysis, or at any time, without evidence of any other active disease that could explain the pruritus.
- More than or equal to three episodes of itch during a period of 2 weeks, with the symptom appearing a few times a day, lasting at least few minutes, and troubling the patient.
- The appearance of an itch in a regular pattern during a period of 6 months, but less frequently than listed above.
7. Quality of Life in CKD-aP
8. Treatment
8.1. Management of Xerosis
8.2. Antihistamines
8.3. Opioid Mediators
8.4. Modulation of Neural Transmission
8.5. Uremic Toxin Removal
8.6. Phototherapy
8.7. Others
9. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Agarwal, P.; Garg, V.; Karagaiah, P.; Szepietowski, J.C.; Grabbe, S.; Goldust, M. Chronic Kidney Disease-Associated Pruritus. Toxins 2021, 13, 527. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13080527
Agarwal P, Garg V, Karagaiah P, Szepietowski JC, Grabbe S, Goldust M. Chronic Kidney Disease-Associated Pruritus. Toxins. 2021; 13(8):527. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13080527
Chicago/Turabian StyleAgarwal, Puneet, Vinita Garg, Priyanka Karagaiah, Jacek C. Szepietowski, Stephan Grabbe, and Mohamad Goldust. 2021. "Chronic Kidney Disease-Associated Pruritus" Toxins 13, no. 8: 527. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13080527
APA StyleAgarwal, P., Garg, V., Karagaiah, P., Szepietowski, J. C., Grabbe, S., & Goldust, M. (2021). Chronic Kidney Disease-Associated Pruritus. Toxins, 13(8), 527. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13080527