Variation of Deoxynivalenol Levels in Corn and Its Products Available in Retail Markets of Punjab, Pakistan, and Estimation of Risk Assessment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Method Validation
2.2. Incidence of DON in Corn and Corn Products
2.3. Estimation of Exposure Assessment of DON in Corn Flour
3. Discussion
3.1. Method Validation
3.2. Incidence of DON in Corn and Corn Products
3.3. Exposure Assessment of DON in Corn Flour
4. Conclusions
5. Materials and Methods
5.1. Sampling
5.2. Chemicals and Reagents
5.3. Extraction and HPLC Parameters
5.4. Exposure Assessment
5.5. Method Validation
5.6. Statistical Analysis
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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DON Level | Corn (Mix) | Corn Flour | Corn Bread | Sweet Corn | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Recovery | RSD | Precision (%) | Recovery | RSD | Precision (%) | Recovery | RSD | Precision (%) | Recovery | RSD | Precision (%) | |||||
µg/kg | (%) | (%) | Rep a | Reprod b | (%) | (%) | Rep a | Reprod b | (%) | (%) | Rep a | Reprod b | (%) | (%) | Rep a | Reprod b |
100 | 84.5 | 16 | 11 | 21 | 81.5 | 11 | 12 | 19 | 89.5 | 14 | 9 | 20 | 85.2 | 16 | 10 | 21 |
150 | 89.5 | 11 | 18 | 19 | 86.5 | 14 | 09 | 15 | 83.5 | 18 | 15 | 26 | 89.5 | 17 | 14 | 17 |
300 | 88.0 | 22 | 15 | 22 | 87.4 | 17 | 16 | 22 | 90.5 | 23 | 10 | 18 | 89.5 | 15 | 9 | 21 |
400 | 91.0 | 13 | 18 | 24 | 90.9 | 12 | 14 | 20 | 89.5 | 22 | 12 | 22 | 88.4 | 19 | 17 | 26 |
800 | 88.8 | 23 | 10 | 22 | 86.1 | 16 | 18 | 26 | 88.4 | 21 | 15 | 20 | 85.2 | 21 | 15 | 24 |
3000 | 85.0 | 21 | 18 | 28 | 84.0 | 20 | 20 | 27 | 85.5 | 20 | 18 | 27 | 81.3 | 28 | 18 | 28 |
Sample Type | Samples N | Positive N (%) | Mean (µg/kg) ± S.D. | Range (µg/kg) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Corn 1 | 40 | 18 (45.0) | 1256.2 ± 124.5 | 25–5687.5 |
Corn 2 | 45 | 22 (48.9) | 1126.2 ± 90.8 | 25–5568.6 |
Corn 3 | 54 | 15 (27.8) | 1049.7 ± 110.5 | 25–5678.5 |
Corn 4 | 41 | 22 (53.7) | 909.8 ± 120.5 | 25–4550.5 |
Corn flour | 60 | 34 (57.6) | 854.7 ± 40.7 | 25–8990.5 |
Sweet corn | 83 | 30 (36.1) | 556.5 ± 80.6 | 25–4550.5 |
Corn bread | 35 | 18 (51.4) | 86.6 ± 14.5 | 25–450.5 |
Corn oil | 56 | 22 (39.3) | 88.8 ± 15.5 | 25–980.5 |
Popcorn | 35 | 16 (45.7 | 41.4 ± 10.5 | 25–95.5 |
Total | 449 | 197 (43.9) | 25–8990.5 |
Sample Type | Samples N | Positive N (%) | Mean (µg/kg) ± S.D. | Range (µg/kg) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Corn 1 | 48 | 15 (37.5 | 1187.3 ± 230 | 25–6660.5 |
Corn 2 | 48 | 18 (37.5) | 1081.6 ± 145.5 | 25–6590.6 |
Corn 3 | 56 | 25 (44.6) | 808.2 ± 60.5 | 25–5640.5 |
Corn 4 | 46 | 22 (47.8) | 1489.4 ± 180.5 | 25–5540.5 |
Corn flour | 61 | 25 (41.0) | 1030.8 ± 170.5 | 25–7860.5 |
Sweet corn | 38 | 18 (47.4) | 471.1 ± 30.5 | 25–2345.5 |
Corn bread | 39 | 17 (43.6) | 97.3 ± 15.5 | 25–500.5 |
Corn oil | 30 | 23 (76.7) | 88.3 ± 9.5 | 25–540.5 |
Popcorn | 35 | 13 (37.1) | 42.1 ± 4.5 | 25–90.5 |
Total | 393 | 176 (44.8) | 25–7860 |
Sample Type | Samples N | Positive N (%) | Mean (µg/kg) ± S.D. | Range (µg/kg) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Corn 1 | 32 | 16 (50.0) | 1187.3 ± 210.5 | 25–6660.5 |
Corn 2 | 55 | 19 (34.5) | 1081.6 ± 140.3 | 25–6590.6 |
Corn 3 | 40 | 21 (52.5) | 808.2 ± 70.5 | 25–5640.5 |
Corn 4 | 30 | 14 (46.7) | 1489.4 ± 190.8 | 25–5540.5 |
Corn flour | 45 | 21 (46.7) | 1030.8 ± 105.4 | 25–7860.5 |
Sweet corn | 40 | 17 (42.5) | 471.1 ± 20.5 | 25–2345.5 |
Corn bread | 55 | 22 (40.0) | 97.3 ± 15.5 | 25–500.5 |
Corn oil | 45 | 20 (44.4) | 88.3 ± 9.5 | 25–540.5 |
Popcorn | 36 | 16 (44.4) | 42.2 ± 4.5 | 25–80.5 |
Total | 378 | 166 (43.9) | 25–7860.5 |
Sum of Squares | df | Mean Square | F | Sig | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DON Level | Between groups | 96,192,972.7 | 8 | 12,024,121.6 | 8.132 | 0.000 |
Within groups | 783,676,623.6 | 530 | 1,478,635.1 | |||
Total | 879,869,596.4 | 538 | ||||
Location | Between groups | 4.737 | 8 | |||
Within groups | 367.4 | 530 | 0.592 | 0.854 | 0.555 | |
Total | 372.2 | 538 | 0.693 |
Corn Products | Mean Difference | Std. Error | Significance | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Don Level | Corn 1 | Sweet corn | 629.92 | 230.05 | 0.006 |
Corn bread | 1066.63 | 236.89 | 0.000 | ||
Corn oil | 1073.58 | 230.05 | 0.000 | ||
Popcorn | 1130.06 | 251.06 | 0.000 | ||
Corn 2 | Sweet corn | 542.88 | 218.65 | 0.013 | |
Corn bread | 979.59 | 225.83 | 0.000 | ||
Corn oil | 986.53 | 218.65 | 0.000 | ||
Popcorn | 1043.03 | 240.66 | 0.000 | ||
Corn 3 | Corn bread | 842.21 | 224.01 | 0.000 | |
Corn oil | 849.16 | 216.76 | 0.000 | ||
Popcorn | 9.05.65 | 238.95 | 0.000 | ||
Corn 4 | Sweet corn | 483.11 | 219.64 | 0.028 | |
Corn bread | 919.82 | 226.79 | 0.000 | ||
Corn oil | 926.77 | 219.64 | 0.000 | ||
Popcorn | 983.26 | 241.56 | 0.000 | ||
Corn flour | Corn bread | 772.55 | 210.76 | 0.000 | |
Corn oil | 779.50 | 203.05 | 0.000 | ||
Corn popcorn | 8.35.99 | 226.58 | 0.000 | ||
Sweet corn | Corn type 1 | −629.91 | 230.05 | 0.006 | |
Corn type 2 | −542.88 | 218.65 | 0.013 | ||
Corn type 4 | −483.11 | 219.64 | 0.028 | ||
Corn bread | 436.70 | 220.65 | 0.048 | ||
Corn oil | 443.65 | 213.29 | 0.038 | ||
Popcorn | 500.15 | 235.81 | 0.034 | ||
Corn bread | Corn type 1 | −1066.62 | 236.89 | 0.000 | |
Corn type 2 | −979.59 | 225.83 | 0.000 | ||
Corn type 3 | −842.21 | 224.01 | 0.000 | ||
Corn type 4 | −919.82 | 226.79 | 0.000 | ||
Corn flour | −772.55 | 210.76 | 0.000 | ||
Sweet corn | −436.70 | 220.65 | 0.048 | ||
Corn oil | Corn type 1 | −1073.57 | 230.05 | 0.000 | |
Corn type 2 | −986.53 | 218.65 | 0.000 | ||
Corn type 3 | −849.15 | 216.76 | 0.000 | ||
Corn type 4 | −926.73 | 219.64 | 0.000 | ||
Corn flour | −779.50 | 203.05 | 0.000 | ||
Sweet corn | −443.65 | 213.29 | 0.038 | ||
Popcorn | Corn type 1 | −1130.06 | 251.06 | 0.000 | |
Corn type 2 | −1043.03 | 240.66 | 0.000 | ||
Corn type 3 | −905.65 | 238.95 | 0.000 | ||
Corn type 4 | −983.26 | 241.56 | 0.000 | ||
Corn flour | −835.99 | 226.58 | 0.000 | ||
Sweet corn | −500.15 | 235.81 | 0.034 |
Consumption (kg) | Gujranwala | Hafizabad | Sheikhupura | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DON Levels | Exposure | DON Levels | Exposure | DON Levels | Exposure | ||||||||
Mean µg/kg | Highest Level µg/kg | Mean µg/kg bw/day | Highest µg/kg bw/day | Mean µg/kg | Highest Level µg/kg | Mean µg/kg bw/day | Highest µg/kg bw/day | Mean µg/kg | Highest Level µg/kg | Mean µg/kg bw/day | Highest µg/kg bw/day | ||
Corn flour | 0.07 | 854.7 | 8990.5 | 0.92 | 9.68 | 1030.8 | 7860.5 | 1.11 | 8.47 | 1030.8 | 7860.5 | 1.11 | 8.47 |
HQ 1 | 0.92 | 1.11 | 1.11 | ||||||||||
HQ 2 | 9.68 | 8.47 | 8.47 |
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Iqbal, S.Z.; Abdull Razis, A.F.; Usman, S.; Ali, N.B.; Asi, M.R. Variation of Deoxynivalenol Levels in Corn and Its Products Available in Retail Markets of Punjab, Pakistan, and Estimation of Risk Assessment. Toxins 2021, 13, 296. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13050296
Iqbal SZ, Abdull Razis AF, Usman S, Ali NB, Asi MR. Variation of Deoxynivalenol Levels in Corn and Its Products Available in Retail Markets of Punjab, Pakistan, and Estimation of Risk Assessment. Toxins. 2021; 13(5):296. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13050296
Chicago/Turabian StyleIqbal, Shahzad Zafar, Ahmad Faizal Abdull Razis, Sunusi Usman, Nada Basheir Ali, and Muhammad Rafique Asi. 2021. "Variation of Deoxynivalenol Levels in Corn and Its Products Available in Retail Markets of Punjab, Pakistan, and Estimation of Risk Assessment" Toxins 13, no. 5: 296. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13050296