Adaptation of Staphylococcus aureus in a Medium Mimicking a Diabetic Foot Environment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Phenotypic Effects on S. aureus after a Prolonged Culture in a Medium Mimicking a DFU Environment
2.1.1. Addition of 10% Glucose
2.1.2. Addition of Antibiotics
2.2. Effect of a Prolonged Culture in a Medium Mimicking DFU Environment on S. aureus Virulence
2.2.1. Addition of 10% Glucose
2.2.2. Addition of Antibiotics
2.3. Effect of a Prolonged Culture in a Medium Mimicking DFU Environment on Kinetics of S. aureus Biofilm Formation
2.3.1. Addition of 10% Glucose
2.3.2. Addition of Antibiotics
2.4. Effect of a Prolonged Culture in a Medium Mimicking DFU Environment on S. aureus Genes’ Expression
2.4.1. Addition of 10% Glucose
2.4.2. Addition of Antibiotics
3. Discussion
4. Conclusions
5. Materials and Methods
5.1. Bacterial Strains and Growth Conditions
5.2. Nematode Killing Assay
5.3. Feeding Behavior Assays
5.4. Biofilm Formation
5.5. qRT-PCR Assays
5.6. Statistical Analysis
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Strains | Characteristics | References |
---|---|---|
NSA739 | S. aureus strain isolated from DFI (Grade 3), PVL-, edin-, agr2, ST8 | [31] |
NSA1385 | S. aureus strain isolated from colonized DFU (Grade 1), PVL-, edin-, agr1, ST8 | [31] |
NSA1077 | S. aureus strain isolated from DFI (Grade 3), PVL+, edinB+, agr1, ST152 | [32] |
NSA7475 | S. aureus strain isolated from DFI (Grade 3), PVL-, edinB+, agr1, ST25 | [32] |
Strains | In Vitro WLM Alone | WLM + 10% Glucose | WLM + Vancomycin | WLM + Linezolid | WLM + 10% Glucose + Vancomycin | WLM + 10% Glucose + Linezolid | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β-hemol 1 | SCV 2 | β-hemol | SCV | β-hemol | SCV | β-hemol | SCV | β-hemol | SCV | β-hemol | SCV | |
NSA739 | 99% ± 2 | 2% ± 2 | 12% ± 5 | 22% ± 2 | 93% ± 5 | 2% ± 2 | 28% ± 4 | 5% ± 2 | 5% ± 2 | 30% ± 7 | 13% ± 6 | 18%± 7 |
NSA1077 | 98% ± 3 | 2% ± 2 | 5% ± 5 | 11% ± 2 | 91% ± 7 | 2% ± 3 | 55% ± 5 | 20% ± 5 | 8% ± 4 | 18% ± 5 | 10% ± 10 | 10%± 5 |
NSA7475 | 98% ± 2 | 1% ± 2 | 65% ± 3 | 24% ± 2 | 88% ± 7 | 4% ± 2 | 48% ± 2 | 15% ± 4 | 50% ± 5 | 15% ± 3 | 37% ± 8 | 17%± 8 |
NSA1385 | 99% ± 2 | 0% ± 2 | 93%± 7 | 4% ± 2 | 100% ± 2 | 0% ± 2 | 75% ± 5 | 7% ± 2 | 94% ± 2 | 2% ± 2 | 91% ± 5 | 3% ± 3 |
Strains | Length of Preculture | Without Pre-Culture in WLM | WLM Alone | WLM + 10% Glucose | WLM + Vancomycin | WLM + Linezolid | WLM + 10% Glucose + Vancomycin | WLM + 10% Glucose + Linezolid |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NSA739 24 h | 24 h | 1.7 ± 0.3 | 3.5 ± 0.2 | 3.5 ± 0.3 | 3.4 ± 0.2 | 3.8 ± 0.3 | 3.9 ± 0.2 | 5.00 ± 0.4 |
NSA739 16-week | 16 weeks | NA | 3.9 ± 0.2 | 4.9 ± 0.2 | 3.2 ± 0.3 | 4.9 ± 0.2 | 5.0 ± 0.2 | 4.9 ± 0.2 |
NSA1077 24 h | 24 h | 2.2 ± 0.2 | 3.9 ± 0.2 | 4.2 ± 0.3 | 4.1 ± 0.1 | 4.3 ± 0.2 | 4.4 ± 0.1 | 4.9 ± 0.2 |
NSA1077 16-week | 16 weeks | NA | 4.4 ± 0.1 | 5.4 ± 0.4 | 3.7 ± 0.2 | 5.4 ± 0.4 | 5.5 ± 0.3 | 5.5 ± 0.4 |
NSA7475 24 h | 24 h | 2.3 ± 0.3 | 3.8 ± 0.2 | 3.9 ± 0.3 | 3.7 ± 0.2 | 3.5 ± 0.2 | 3.8 ± 0.2 | 5.2 ± 0.4 |
NSA7475 16-week | 16 weeks | NA | 4.3 ± 0.3 | 5.3 ± 0.4 | 3.5 ± 0.2 | 4.7 ± 0.3 | 5.4 ± 0.4 | 5.0 ± 0.2 |
1385 24 h | 24 h | 4.3 ± 0.3 | 4.8 ± 0.3 | 4.6 ± 0.3 | 4.3 ± 0.4 | 5.1 ± 0.2 | 4.8 ± 0.3 | 4.4 ± 0.2 |
1385 16-week | 16 weeks | NA | 5.0 ± 0.4 | 5.2 ± 0.2 | 5.1 ± 0.2 | 5.1 ± 0.3 | 4.9 ± 0.3 | 4.9 ± 0.2 |
OP50 (Control strain) | - | 7.7 ± 0.2 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Effect on Expression of Virulence Factor 1 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
PVL | EDIN | Alpha-Hemolysin | Protein A | |
Short exposure in WLM added to | ||||
Glucose | ↑↑ | ↑↑ | - | ↓ |
Vancomycin | - | - | - | - |
Linezolid | ↑↑ | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ |
Long exposure in WLM added to | ||||
Glucose | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | ↑ |
Vancomycin | - | ↓↓ | ↑ | ↓ |
Linezolid | ↓↓ | ↓↓ | ↓ | ↑ |
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Pouget, C.; Gustave, C.-A.; Ngba-Essebe, C.; Laurent, F.; Lemichez, E.; Tristan, A.; Sotto, A.; Dunyach-Rémy, C.; Lavigne, J.-P. Adaptation of Staphylococcus aureus in a Medium Mimicking a Diabetic Foot Environment. Toxins 2021, 13, 230. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13030230
Pouget C, Gustave C-A, Ngba-Essebe C, Laurent F, Lemichez E, Tristan A, Sotto A, Dunyach-Rémy C, Lavigne J-P. Adaptation of Staphylococcus aureus in a Medium Mimicking a Diabetic Foot Environment. Toxins. 2021; 13(3):230. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13030230
Chicago/Turabian StylePouget, Cassandra, Claude-Alexandre Gustave, Christelle Ngba-Essebe, Frédéric Laurent, Emmanuel Lemichez, Anne Tristan, Albert Sotto, Catherine Dunyach-Rémy, and Jean-Philippe Lavigne. 2021. "Adaptation of Staphylococcus aureus in a Medium Mimicking a Diabetic Foot Environment" Toxins 13, no. 3: 230. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13030230