Advances in Colorimetric Strategies for Mycotoxins Detection: Toward Rapid Industrial Monitoring
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Common Colorimetric Probes
2.1. Enzymes-Based Probes
2.2. Nanomaterial-Based Probes
3. Colorimetric Strategies for Mycotoxins Detection
3.1. Solution-Based Assays
3.2. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
3.3. Lateral Flow Assays
3.4. Microfluidics-Based Assays
4. Recent Advances toward Practical Applications
4.1. Mycotoxin Extraction Methods
4.2. Inventory of Commercially Available Kits for Mycotoxins Detection
4.3. Interesting Examples from Literature with Great Potential for Industrial Applications
5. Conclusions and Future Directions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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- Creative Diagnostics Mycotoxins Analysis. Available online: https://www.creative-diagnostics.com/food-analysis/tag-mycotoxins-2.htm (accessed on 16 November 2020).
- PerkinElmer Mycotoxins Analysis in Food. Available online: https://www.perkinelmer.com/uk/category/mycotoxins-in-food (accessed on 16 November 2020).
- Unisensor Mycotoxins Sensor Kits. Available online: https://unisensor.be/en (accessed on 16 November 2020).
- Pribolab—Solutions in Food Safety and Testing-mycotoxin Testing. Available online: http://www.pribolab.com/ (accessed on 16 November 2020).
- Randox Feed & Cereals—Randox Food. Available online: https://www.randoxfood.com/feed-and-cereals-analysis/#1521620960005-d87fa0aa-85bd (accessed on 16 November 2020).
- Novakits Mycotoxines. Available online: http://www.novakits.com/20-mycotoxines (accessed on 16 November 2020).
- Sigma-Aldrich Mycotoxin Testing. Available online: https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/life-science/cell-biology/antibodies/antibody-products.html?TablePage=114571894 (accessed on 16 November 2020).
- Bio-Check Mycotoxin Testing Kits. Mycotoxin Lab and on-site Detection Tests. Available online: https://www.biocheck.uk/mycotoxins (accessed on 16 November 2020).
- Li, W.; Powers, S.; Dai, S.Y. Using commercial immunoassay kits for mycotoxins: ‘joys and sorrows’? World Mycotoxin J. 2014, 7, 417–430. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Strategy | Detection Probe | Target | LOD | Linear Range | Specificity | Sample | Advantages/Disadvantages | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Colorimetric aptasensor based on HRP-encapsulated liposome which catalyzed TMB oxidation | HRP | OTA | 0.023 ng·mL−1 | 0.05–2.0 ng·mL−1 | High | Corn | Simple, low-cost, highly selective, sensitive and reliable/long detection time (60 min) | [11] |
Combination of an ingenious hairpin DNA probe with exonuclease III (Exo III)-assisted signal amplification and TMB oxidation | DNAzyme | AFB1 | 1 pM | 1 pM–100 nM | High | Peanut | High sensitivity, good selectivity, simple operation, wash-free, label-free format, low-cost, applicability to samples with complex matrices/long incubation time (40 min) | [15] |
Dual aptamer-DNAzyme in combination with apta-magnetic separation | DNAzyme | AFB1 | 22.6 ppb | 0–200 ppb | Good | Corn, rice, groundnut, black pepper, chili | High sensitivity, good selectivity, low-cost, reliable/long incubation time of DNAzyme (30 min) | [17] |
Detection aptamer containing a DNAzyme sequence and an RCA priming sequence for the isothermal DNA amplification | DNAzyme | OTA | 1.09 × 10−12 ng·mL−1 | 10−12–10 ng·mL−1 | High | Urine | High sensitivity and selectivity, applicability to biological samples with complex matrices/long incubation time and complicated operation with multiple steps of washing and separation | [16] |
Combination of DNA aptamer and two split hemin-binding DNAzyme halves and G-quadruplex formation of a split DNAzyme-hemin/aptamer complex with peroxidase mimicking activity in the absence of AFB1 | DNAzyme | AFB1 | 0.1 ng·mL−1 | 0.1–104 ng·mL−1 | High | Corn | High sensitivity and selectivity simple and low-cost/long incubation time (70 min) | [21] |
Inhibition of chitosan-immobilized AchE activity by AFB1and Ellman’s method | AchE | AFB1 | Not reported | Not reported | Good | Corn | Simple, rapid (detection time ≈ 8 min), low-cost, portable/failure to report LOD and linear range | [19] |
Strategy | Detection Probe | Target | LOD | Linear Range | Specificity | Sample | Advantages/Disadvantages | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aptamer assay based on AuNPs aggregation by poly diallyldimethyl ammonium chloride polymer (PDDA). | AuNPs | OTA | 0.009 ng·mL−1 | 0.05–50 ng·mL−1 | High | Chinese liquor sample | Cost-effectiveness, few steps, rapid detection (15 min), good sensitivity/Possible cross-reactivity at high target concentrations. | [38] |
AuNP dimer disassembly by the target-induced release of complementary DNA probes. | AuNPs | OTA | 0.05 nM | 0.2–250 nM | High | Red wine | Improved sensitivity, low-cost, short detection time (15 min)/Difficult applicability to colored complex samples | [39] |
Double calibration curve of label free aptasensing assay based on salt-induced aggregation of AuNPs. | AuNPs | OTA | 0.03 ng·mL−1 | 0.03–316 ng·mL−1 | Good | Corn | Widened detection range, enhanced sensitivity, reliability, rapid detection/low selectivity | [40] |
Peroxidase-like activity of AuNPs in the presence of H2O2 and TMS substrate. | AuNPs | ZEN | 10 ng·mL−1 | 10–250 ng·mL−1 | High | Corn and corn oil | Simple one-step assay, short detection time/Relatively high detection limit | [41] |
Chemical nano-sensor based on cysteamine-modified AuNPs aggregation via electrostatic interaction with hydrolyzed target. | AuNPs | FB1 | 0.90 μg·kg−1 | 2–8 μg·kg−1 | Low | Corn | Simple one-step assay, Rapid homogenous test (3 min)/Real sample interferences, low sensitivity and selectivity. | [42] |
ALP- induced gold nanoparticle aggregation mediated by MnO2 nanosheets reduction in the presence of generated ascorbic acid. | AuNPs, MnO2 nanosheets | OTA | 5.0 nM | 6.25–750 nM | High | Grape juice & red wine | Enzymatic amplification, high selectivity/multi reaction steps, possible cross reactivity in real samples | [37] |
Colorimetric aflatoxins immunoassay by using mesoporous silica nanoparticles decorated with gold nanoparticles. | AuNPs@m-SiNPs nanocomposite | AFs (AFB1, AFB2, and AFG2) | 0.16 ng·mL−1 | 1–75 ng·mL−1 for AFB1 | High | Nuts, cornflakes, cornmeal, peanuts, peanut butter and pecan nuts | High sensitivity, versatile real matrix applicability, 30 min incubation time/long synthesis and modification of transducer | [43] |
AFB1 hydrolyzed to phenolate anions react with curcumin enol form-Zn red complex to give curcumin enol form-ZnO-Phenol yellow complex. | ZnO NPs | AFB1 | 11 µg·kg−1 | 0–36 µg·kg−1 | Good | Rice | Simple and rapid detection, bioreceptor-free sensor, HPLC validation/Chemical modification of target | [44] |
Cascade aptasensor by double catalytic amplifications using ALP activity combined to the inhibition of the MnO2 oxidase-mimicking activity. | MnO2 nanosheets | OTA | 0.07 nM | 1.25–250 nM | Excellent | Grape juice | Amplified colorimetric signal, high sensitivity and selectivity/Many washing and addition steps | [34] |
Simultaneous dual target detection via the combination of two the catalysis of TMB under acidic conditions and the release of TP under alkaline conditions. | Fe3O4-GO nanocomposite and AuNPs | AFB1 | 1.5 ng·mL−1 | 5–250 ng·mL−1 | High | Peanuts | Multiplexed detection, high sensitivity and selectivity/Tedious probes synthesis, specific pH and temperature conditions, long incubation time (90 min), multiple steps of washing and separation | [45] |
OTA | 0.15 ng·mL−1 | 0.5–80 ng·mL−1 | ||||||
Salt-induced coagulation of iron-modified 2D covalent triazine framework nanosheets (2D Fe-CTFs) that showed strong peroxidase-like activity | 2D Fe-CTFs | OTA | NR | 0.2–0.8 μM | NR | NR | Promising proof of concept/limited detection range, analytical performances not reported | [46] |
PAD sensor array based on silver and gold nanoparticles aggregation synthesized by three different capping agents. | AgNPs and AuNPs | AFB1 | 2.7 ng·mL−1 | 3.1 ng·mL−1 –7.8 μg·mL−1 | Excellent | Mixtures of pistachio, wheat and coffee, milk | Very fast colorimetric response (5 s), multiplexed detection of five mycotoxins, low cost, device portability/Optical nanoprobes fabrication | [47] |
AFG1 | 7.3 ng·mL−1 | 8.2 ng·mL−1–8.4 μg.mL−1 | ||||||
AFM1 | 2.1 ng·mL−1 | 2.5 ng·mL−1–8.2 μg.mL−1 | ||||||
OTA | 3.3 ng·mL−1 | 4.0 ng·mL−1–3.8 μg.mL−1 | ||||||
ZEN | 7.0 ng·mL−1 | 8.0 ng·mL−1–7.9 μg.mL−1 |
Strategy | Target | LOD | Linear Range | Specificity | Sample | Advantages/Disadvantages | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Colorimetric ELISA based on glucose oxidase-regulated the color of bromocresol purple acid-base indicator | AFB1 | Cutoff limit: 100 pg·mL−1 | 25–200 pg·mL−1 | Excellent | Corn | High sensitivity and selectivity, good repeatability/long incubation time, multi-step washing | [58] |
Plasmonic ELISA based on the urease-induced metallization of gold nanoflowers | OTA | 8.205 pg·mL−1 | 5.0–640 pg·mL−1 | Excellent | Rice, corn, wheat, white wine | High sensitivity and selectivity, robust, and high-throughput, good repeatability/long incubation time, multi-step washing | [60] |
DLS-ELISA based on AuNPs aggregation via hydroxyl radicals produced by HRP activity on H2O2 | AFB1 | 0.12 pg·mL−1 | Not reported | Excellent | Corn | High sensitivity and selectivity, reliable, good repeatability, high accuracy/long incubation time, multi-step washing | [61] |
Apta-ELISA based on target capture by OTA specific aptamer and color development by anti-rabbit secondary antibody labeled with ALP | OTA | 0.84 pg·mL−1 | 1 pg·mL−1–1 µg·mL−1 | Good | Groundnut, coffee bean | High sensitivity, low-cost/long incubation time, multi-step washing, cross-reactivity, matrix interference | [62] |
A nanozyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) instead of enzyme to catalyze chromogenic TMB | AFB1 | 0.009 ng·mL−1 | 0.01–20 ng·mL−1 | Excellent | Peanut milk, soymilk | High sensitivity and selectivity, high catalytic activity and stability of MOF, good recovery rate and accuracy, avoiding false positive and false negative results/long incubation time, multi-step washing | [63] |
Multiplexed ELISA based on immobilization of protein-analyte conjugates in separate wells | OTA | 4.0 ng·mL−1 | 4.0–120 ng·mL−1 | Not reported | Poultry, corn | High sensitivity, reduction of simultaneous detection time of three mycotoxins/long incubation time, multi-step washing | [64] |
AFB1 | 0.1 ng·mL−1 | 0.1–1.0 ng·mL−1 | |||||
ZEN | 0.3 ng·mL−1 | 0.3–50.0 ng·mL−1 | |||||
Multiplex nanoarray based on ELISA technique via nano-spotting of mycotoxin-protein conjugates into single wells of a microplate | ZEN T-2 toxin FB1 | IC50: 197.4 0.7 216.7 µg·kg−1 in wheat | Not reported | High | Wheat, corn | High sensitivity and selectivity, reduction of simultaneous detection time of three mycotoxins, throughput, easily adaptable by end users/long incubation time, multi-step washing | [65] |
Plasmonic ELISA based on the HRO-assisted etching of gold nanorods | AFB1 | Cutoff limit: 12.5 pg·mL−1 | 3.1–150 pg·mL−1 | Excellent | Corn | High sensitivity and selectivity, high accuracy and precision, portable, equipment-free/long incubation time, multi-step washing | [66] |
Strategy | Target | LOD | Linear Range | Specificity | Sample | Advantages/Disadvantages | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dual color AuNPs and a single test line for simultaneous detection of two mycotoxins | AFB1 FBs | 0.5 ng·mL−1 20 ng·mL−1 | Not reported | Not reported | Wheat, pasta | High sensitivity, simple, low-cost, rapid (detection time of 10 min), semi-quantitative, reliable/no evaluation of selectivity and stability | [71] |
Magneto-gold nanohybrid based LFA for simultaneous separation and target detection | OTA | 0.094 ng·mL−1 | 0.098–12.5 ng·mL−1 | High | Grape juice | High sensitivity and selectivity, simple, low-cost, rapid (detection time of 15 min), semi-quantitative, high precision in complex matrices, high reproducibility/no evaluation of stability | [72] |
AuNPs and TRFMs-based lateral flow immunoassays for multiplex detection mycotoxins along with a smartphone-based quantitative dual detection mode device | AFB1 ZEN Deoxynivalenol T-2 toxin FB1 | AuNPs-LFA: 0.59 0.24 0.32 0.90 0.27 ng·mL−1 TRFMs-LFA: 0.42 0.10 0.05 0.75 0.04 ng·mL−1 | Not reported | Low | Maize, wheat, bran | High sensitivity, simple, low-cost, rapid, reliable, quantitative, portable/no evaluation of stability, high cross reactivity with other mycotoxin in a single class | [30] |
Application of GO and carboxylated GO instead of AuNPs as label | AFB1 | 0.3 ng·mL−1 | Not reported | Not reported | Peanut oil, maize, rice | High sensitivity, high stability (4 months), simple, low-cost, rapid, reliable, rapid (detection time of 15 min), acceptable reproducibility/qualitative, no evaluation of specificity | [31] |
Aptamer-based competitive LFA | ZEN | vLOD: 20 ng·mL−1 qLOD: 5 ng·mL−1 | 5–200 ng·mL−1 | High | Corn | High sensitivity and selectivity, high stability (2 months at room temperature), simple, low-cost, short detection time (5 min), portable/no evaluation of reproducibility | [75] |
AuNPs-aptamer conjugate as recognition element and label; immobilization of biotinylated DNA probe 1 and probe 2 on test and control lines, respectively | OTA | 1 ng·mL−1 | Not reported | Excellent | Astragalus membranaceus | High sensitivity and selectivity, cost-effective, robust, high stability (6 months at room temperature), simple, short detection time (15 min), portable/no evaluation of reproducibility, qualitative | [76] |
Design a smart analysis platform for multiplex LFIA based on AuNPs as label and five test lines | AFB1 ZEN Deoxynivalenol T-2 toxin FB1 | 4 40 200 10 20 µg·kg−1 | Not reported | Low | Wheat | High sensitivity, cost-effective, robust, simple, short detection time (15 min), portable, quantitative/no evaluation of reproducibility and stability, high cross reactivity with other mycotoxin in a single class | [77] |
Enhanced signal sensitivity in LFIA using multi-branched gold nanoflowers | AFB1 | 0.32 pg·mL−1 in rice | 0.5–25 pg·mL−1 | Low | Rice | Excellent sensitivity, cost-effective, simple, short detection time (15 min), portable, quantitative/no evaluation of reproducibility and stability, high cross reactivity with AFG2 | [78] |
Multiplex LFIA based on AuNPs as label | AFB1 ZEN OTA | 0.1–0.13 0.42–0.46 0.19–0.24 µg·kg−1 | Not reported | Not reported | Corn, rice, peanut | High sensitivity, cost-effective, simple, short detection time (15 min), portable, quantitative/no evaluation of reproducibility, selectivity and stability | [79] |
AuNPs-based LFIA with silver staining for signal amplification | FB1 Deoxynivalenol | cut-off values: 2.0 40 ng·mL−1 | Not reported | Not reported | Maize | High sensitivity, low-cost, simple, short detection time, portable/no evaluation of reproducibility, selectivity and stability | [80] |
LFIA based on multifunctional photothermal contrast Fe3O4@Au supraparticle (Fe3O4@Au SP) | OTA | 0.12 pg·mL−1 | 1 pg·mL−1–1 µg·mL−1 | Good | Corn, peanut, soybean | High sensitivity and selectivity, low-cost, simple, reliable/no evaluation of reproducibility and stability | [81] |
A LFIA using Prussian blue nanoparticle (PBNP) as a peroxidase mimicking label for TMP catalysis | OTA | 10 pg·mL−1 | 10 pg·mL−1–1 µg·mL−1 | High | Human serum | High sensitivity and selectivity, low-cost, simple, reliable/no evaluation of reproducibility and stability | [32] |
Strategy | Target | LOD | Linear Range | Specificity | Sample | Advantages/Disadvantages | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PDMS-based microfluidic immunoassay using antibody labeled with HRP | OTA AFB1 ZEN | <40 0.1–0.2 <10 ng·mL−1 | − | High | Corn | Good sensitivity, high selectivity, low-cost, short detection time (10 min), portable/no evaluation of reproducibility and stability, lots of user-intervention steps, semi-quantitative | [83] |
Microfluidic immunoassay based on combination target binding to AuNPs-mAb and immunogold amplification of AuNPs-mAbs-AME | Altenariol monomethyl ether | 12.5 pg·mL−1 200 pg·mL−1 | 12.5–200 pg·mL−1 200–1000 pg·mL−1 | High | Apple, cherry, orange | High sensitivity and selectivity, low-cost, short detection time (15 min), portable, simultaneous analysis of six samples, quantitative/no evaluation of reproducibility and stability | [87] |
Development of a µPAD based on salt-induced aggregation of AuNPs in the presence of analyte | AFB1 | 10 nM | 1 pM–1 µM | High | Water | High sensitivity and selectivity, cost-effective, short detection time (> 1 min), portable/no evaluation of reproducibility and stability, no evaluation of food matrix, qualitative | [88] |
Colorimetric competitive immunoassay into a paper microfluidic device using AuNPs as signal indicator | Deoxynivalenol | 0.644 ng·mL−1 | 0.01–20 ng·mL−1 | High | Wheat, corn | High sensitivity and selectivity, rapid (detection time of 12 min), low-cost, portable, and reliable/qualitative, no evaluation of reproducibility and stability | [90] |
Company | Kit | Type of Detection | Mycotoxins | Time (min) | Multiplexing | Ref. | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AFs | OTA | FUM | ZEN | DON | T2/HT2 | ||||||
Astori Tecnica | ELISA | QNT, Semi-QNT for OTA | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 20–30 | No | [95] |
LFIA | QLT, QNT | AFM1 | (−) | (−) | (−) | (−) | (−) | 10 | |||
Charm Sciences Inc. | LFIA | QNT | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 3–5 | No | [96] |
CUSABIO | ELISA | QNT | AFB1 | ✓ | (−) | ✓ | ✓ | T2 | 20 | No | [97] |
LFIA | QNT | AFB1 | ✓ | (−) | ✓ | ✓ | T2 | 3–5 | |||
Elabscience | ELISA | QNT | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 75 | No | [98] |
LFIA | QNT | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 8 | |||
EnviroLogix | LFIA | QLT, QNT | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 2–4 | Yes (AF, ZEN, DON, FUM) | [99] |
Eurofins | ELISA | QNT | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 15–75 | No | [100] |
LFIA | QNT | ✓ | (−) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | (−) | 5 | |||
Helica | ELISA | QNT | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | (−) | NR | No | [101] |
Neogen | ELISA | QNT | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 10–20 | No | [102] |
LFIA | QLT, QNT | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 3–8 | |||
R-Biopharm | ELISA | QNT | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 45–150 | No | [103] |
LFIA | Semi-QNT, QNT | ✓ | (−) | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 5 | |||
Romer Labs | ELISA | QNT | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 15 | Yes (up to 6 mycotoxins) | [104] |
LFIA | QLT, QNT | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | (−) | 3 | No | ||
Vicam | LFIA | Semi-QNT, QNT | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 5 | No | [105] |
Beacon Analytical Systems | ELISA | QNT | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 15–75 | No | [106] |
Creative Diagnostics | ELISA | QNT | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | (−) | ✓ | ✓ | 15–120 | No | [107] |
LFIA | QLT, Semi-QNT, QNT | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 3–10 | |||
PerkinElmer | ELISA | QNT | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 15–60 | No | [108] |
LFIA | QNT | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 4–6 | |||
Unisensor | LFIA | QNT | ✓ | (−) | (−) | (−) | (−) | (−) | 10 | No | [109] |
Pribolab | ELISA | QNT | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | NR | No | [110] |
LFIA | QLT, QNT | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | (−) | 10–12 | |||
Randox | ELISA | QNT | ✓ | (−) | (−) | (−) | (−) | (−) | NR | No | [111] |
Biochip Arrays | QNT | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 120 | Yes (up to 10 mycotoxins) | ||
Novakits | ELISA | Semi-QNT, QNT | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 15–70 | No | [112] |
LFIA | QNT | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 5 | Yes (7 mycotoxins) | ||
Sigma | ELISA | QNT | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | (−) | NR | No | [113] |
Bio-Check | ELISA | QNT | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | (−) | NR | No | [114] |
LFIA | QNT | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | (−) | ✓ | (−) | 3–5 |
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Majdinasab, M.; Ben Aissa, S.; Marty, J.L. Advances in Colorimetric Strategies for Mycotoxins Detection: Toward Rapid Industrial Monitoring. Toxins 2021, 13, 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13010013
Majdinasab M, Ben Aissa S, Marty JL. Advances in Colorimetric Strategies for Mycotoxins Detection: Toward Rapid Industrial Monitoring. Toxins. 2021; 13(1):13. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13010013
Chicago/Turabian StyleMajdinasab, Marjan, Sondes Ben Aissa, and Jean Louis Marty. 2021. "Advances in Colorimetric Strategies for Mycotoxins Detection: Toward Rapid Industrial Monitoring" Toxins 13, no. 1: 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13010013
APA StyleMajdinasab, M., Ben Aissa, S., & Marty, J. L. (2021). Advances in Colorimetric Strategies for Mycotoxins Detection: Toward Rapid Industrial Monitoring. Toxins, 13(1), 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13010013