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Volume 12
Issue 4
10.3390/toxins12040267
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Communication

Liquid Chromatography Coupled to High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry for the Confirmation of Caribbean Ciguatoxin-1 as the Main Toxin Responsible for Ciguatera Poisoning Caused by Fish from European Atlantic Coasts

by
Pablo Estevez
1,
Manoella Sibat
2,
José Manuel Leão-Martins
1,
Pedro Reis Costa
3,
Ana Gago-Martínez
1,* and
Philipp Hess
2,*
1
Biomedical Research Center (CINBIO), Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, University of Vigo, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
2
Ifremer, DYNECO, Laboratoire Phycotoxines, Rue de l’Île d’Yeu, 44311 Nantes, France
3
IPMA—Portuguese Institute of the Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Brasília, 1449-006 Lisbon, Portugal
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Toxins 2020, 12(4), 267; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins12040267
Submission received: 31 March 2020 / Revised: 16 April 2020 / Accepted: 18 April 2020 / Published: 21 April 2020
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ciguatoxins)
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Abstract

Ciguatera poisoning (CP) is a common seafood intoxication mainly caused by the consumption of fish contaminated by ciguatoxins. Recent studies showed that Caribbean ciguatoxin-1 (C-CTX1) is the main toxin causing CP through fish caught in the Northeast Atlantic, e.g., Canary Islands (Spain) and Madeira (Portugal). The use of liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) combined with neuroblastoma cell assay (N2a) allowed the initial confirmation of the presence of C-CTX1 in contaminated fish samples from the abovementioned areas, nevertheless the lack of commercially available reference materials for these particular ciguatoxin (CTX) analogues has been a major limitation to progress research. The EuroCigua project allowed the preparation of C-CTX1 laboratory reference material (LRM) from fish species (Seriola fasciata) from the Madeira archipelago (Portugal). This reference material was used to implement a liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) for the detection of C-CTX1, acquisition of full-scan as well as collision-induced mass spectra of this particular analogue. Fragmentation pathways were proposed based on fragments obtained. The optimized LC-HRMS method was then applied to confirm C-CTX1 in fish (Bodianus scrofa) caught in the Selvagens Islands (Portugal).
Keywords: ciguatoxins; HRMS; Q-TOF; ciguatera poisoning; C-CTX1; fragmentation pathways ciguatoxins; HRMS; Q-TOF; ciguatera poisoning; C-CTX1; fragmentation pathways

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MDPI and ACS Style

Estevez, P.; Sibat, M.; Leão-Martins, J.M.; Reis Costa, P.; Gago-Martínez, A.; Hess, P. Liquid Chromatography Coupled to High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry for the Confirmation of Caribbean Ciguatoxin-1 as the Main Toxin Responsible for Ciguatera Poisoning Caused by Fish from European Atlantic Coasts. Toxins 2020, 12, 267. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins12040267

AMA Style

Estevez P, Sibat M, Leão-Martins JM, Reis Costa P, Gago-Martínez A, Hess P. Liquid Chromatography Coupled to High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry for the Confirmation of Caribbean Ciguatoxin-1 as the Main Toxin Responsible for Ciguatera Poisoning Caused by Fish from European Atlantic Coasts. Toxins. 2020; 12(4):267. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins12040267

Chicago/Turabian Style

Estevez, Pablo, Manoella Sibat, José Manuel Leão-Martins, Pedro Reis Costa, Ana Gago-Martínez, and Philipp Hess. 2020. "Liquid Chromatography Coupled to High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry for the Confirmation of Caribbean Ciguatoxin-1 as the Main Toxin Responsible for Ciguatera Poisoning Caused by Fish from European Atlantic Coasts" Toxins 12, no. 4: 267. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins12040267

APA Style

Estevez, P., Sibat, M., Leão-Martins, J. M., Reis Costa, P., Gago-Martínez, A., & Hess, P. (2020). Liquid Chromatography Coupled to High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry for the Confirmation of Caribbean Ciguatoxin-1 as the Main Toxin Responsible for Ciguatera Poisoning Caused by Fish from European Atlantic Coasts. Toxins, 12(4), 267. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins12040267

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