Evidence for the Range Expansion of Ciguatera in French Polynesia: A Revisit of the 2009 Mass-Poisoning Outbreak in Rapa Island (Australes Archipelago)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Epidemiology of the 2009 Outbreak in Rapa Island
2.2. Abundance, Distribution, and Toxicity of Gambierdiscus Populations
2.3. rRBA, CBA-N2a and LC-MS/MS Toxicity Data in Fish
2.4. Temperature Trends in Rapa Island
3. Discussion
4. Conclusions
5. Materials and Methods
5.1. Study Site
5.2. Biological Samples
5.2.1. Macroalgal Samples
5.2.2. Fish Samples
5.3. Epidemiological Data
5.4. Toxin Extraction
5.4.1. Micro-Algal Samples
5.4.2. Fish Samples
5.5. Toxicological Analyses
5.5.1. Radioactive Receptor Binding Assay (rRBA)
5.5.2. Neuroblastoma Cell-Based Assay (CBA-N2a)
5.5.3. Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)
5.6. Time-Series Temperature Data
5.7. Statistical Analyses
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Year | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 1 | 2018 | 2019 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of CP events | 6 | 71 | 21 | 11 | 17 | 32 | 11 | 9 | 6 | - | 4 | 6 | |
Number of reported CP cases | - | 7 | 87 | 27 | 13 | 17 | 33 | 11 | 15 | 7 | - | 6 | 7 |
Number of unreported cases2 | - | 5 | 59 | 3 | 6 | 2 | 1 | - | 7 | 5 | - | 1 | 6 |
Number of fatal cases | - | - | 2 3 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Incidence rates (IR)4 (reported cases/10,000 inhab.) | - | 145 | 1805 | 560 | 269 | 330 | 660 | 214 | 291 | 136 | - | 118 | 138 |
Fish species involved (% of event) | |||||||||||||
Seriola lalandi | - | 50 | 6 | 24 | 18 | - | 7 | - | 44 | 17 | - | 25 | 33 |
Kyphosus cinerascens | - | 33 | 29 | 29 | 27 | 6 | 3 | - | - | 33 | - | - | 17 |
Leptoscarus vaigiensis | - | - | 45 | 19 | 9 | 6 | 28 | 27 | - | - | - | - | 17 |
Others: | - | 17 | 20 | 28 | 46 | 88 | 62 | 73 | 56 | 50 | - | 75 | 33 |
Scombridae | 175 | 3 | |||||||||||
Carangidae | 9 | 9 | 17 | 3 | 9 | 17 | 25 | ||||||
Acanthuridae | 17 | 11 | |||||||||||
Scaridae | 1 | 9 | 12 | 19 | 27 | 34 | 17 | 17 | |||||
Serranidae | 3 | 9 | 12 | 34 | 18 | 11 | 50 | 16 | |||||
miscellaneous | 13 | 10 | 28 | 30 | 6 | 19 | 16 | ||||||
Fishing sites involved (% of event) | |||||||||||||
Rāhui zone | - | 67 | 49 | 33 | 45 | 35 | 12 | 18 | 11 | 67 | - | 25 | 17 |
Akatamiro Bay | - | - | 33 | - | - | 6 | 16 | 9 | - | - | - | - | 17 |
Others: | - | - | 14 | 53 | 27 | 35 | 44 | 18 | 67 | - | - | 50 | 33 |
Turoa Pari Ati Bay | 2 | 10 | |||||||||||
Tapuaki Bay | 4 | 5 | |||||||||||
Agaira’o Bay | 10 | ||||||||||||
Kaongi | 5 | ||||||||||||
Motu Tauturau | 10 | 11 | |||||||||||
Akaomua Bay | 5 | 3 | |||||||||||
Iripau Bay | 14 | 6 | 9 | 11 | |||||||||
Ana Rua Bay | 5 | 9 | 9 | 25 | |||||||||
Vavai Cliffs | 1 | 9 | 23 | 3 | 25 | ||||||||
offshore | 7 | 9 | 9 | 12 | 12 | 45 | 33 | ||||||
Unknown | - | 33 | 4 | 14 | 28 | 24 | 28 | 55 | 22 | 33 | 25 | 33 |
Year | 2009 | 2010 |
---|---|---|
Total number of CP cases reported | 87 | 27 |
Digestive disorders | ||
Nausea/vomiting | 28 (32%) | 11 (39%) |
Diarrhea | 59 (68%) | 19 (68%) |
Cardiovascular disorders 1 | ||
Bradycardia | 10 (14%) 1 | 6 (22%) |
Hypotension | 9 (12%) 1 | 3 (11%) |
Neurological and systemic disorders | ||
Cold allodynia | 80 (92%) | 15 (54%) |
Paresthesia | 83 (95%) | 17 (61%) |
Dysesthesia | 75 (86%) | 15 (54%) |
Itching | 69 (79%) | 12 (43%) |
Dizziness/headaches | 50 (57%) | 10 (36%) |
Muscular disorders | 67 (77%) | 19 (68%) |
Joint pains | 56 (64%) | 11 (39%) |
Chills/hypothermia | 54 (62%) | 8 (29%) |
Burning sensation (throat, mouth)/”metallic” taste | 43 (49%) | 4 (14%) |
Urogenital burning/pain/discomfort | 15 (17%) | 4 (14%) |
Behavioral disorders (agitation, disorientation) | 9 (10%) | 2 (7%) |
Genus | Gambierdiscus spp. | Ostreopsis spp. | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sampling Sites | Macroalgal Host Species | Abundance (Cells) | CTX-Like Activity 2 | Macroalgal Host Species | Abundance (Cells) |
Turoa Pari Ati Bay | Lobophora variegata | 6.1 × 106 | |||
Akatamiro Bay | Lobophora variegata | 2250 | 13.5 | Lobophora variegata | 5.4 × 106 |
Motu Aturapa | Dictyota bartayresiana | 13 × 106 | |||
Cape Komire | Dictyota dichotoma | 10,300 | 0.5 | ||
Cape Ongoriki | Sargassum sp. | 15.7 × 106 | |||
Piriauta Bay 1 | Sargassum sp. | 19 × 106 | |||
Motu Tarakoi 1 | Lobophora variegata | 5000 | 1.6 * | Sargassum sp. | 3.4 × 106 |
Motu Rapa Iti 1 | Lobophora variegata | 15.8 × 106 | |||
Anatakuri Bay 1 | Lobophora variegata | 2.2 × 106 | |||
Motu Karapoo Nui | Lobophora variegata | 1.7 × 106 | |||
Iripau Bay | Lobophora variegata | 10,350 | 3.5 |
Sampling Site | ID # | Scientific Name | Diet | rRBA | CBA-N2a * | LC-MS/MS |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Iripau Bay | 74 | Ctenochaetus striatus | H | 7.3 | 0.33 ± 0.05 | <LOQ |
Akaomua Bay | 159 | Kyphosus cinerascens | H | <LOD | <LOD | <LOQ |
Motu Ta’una | 143 | Kyphosus cinerascens | H | 1.4 | 0.52 ± 0.09 | <LOQ |
Akaomua Bay | 161 | Chlorurus microrhinos | H | <LOD | 0.05 ± 0.01 | <LOD |
Motu Rapa Iti | 209 | Chlorurus microrhinos | H | 7.8 | 0.31 ± 0.03 | <LOQ |
Akaomua Bay | 163 | Leptoscarus vaigiensis | H | <LOD | <LOD | <LOD |
Motu Rapa Iti | 214 | Leptoscarus vaigiensis | H | 5.0 | 4.75 ± 0.25 | 0.75 |
Akaomua Bay | 167 | Epinephelus fasciatus | C | <LOD | <LOD | <LOD |
Tapuaki Bay | 48 | Epinephelus fasciatus | C | 0.8 | 0.23 ± 0.02 | <LOD |
Ahurei Bay | 229 | Epinephelus merra | C | 1.4 | 0.11 ± 0.02 | <LOQ |
Anatakuri Bay | 198 | Monotaxis grandoculis | C | <LOD | 0.10 ± 0.01 | <LOD |
Motu Rapa Iti | 211 | Pseudocaranx dentex | C | 1.0 | 1.18 ± 0.08 | <LOQ |
Temperature Data Series | Kendall’s Tau | 2-Sided p Value | Alpha | Conclusion |
---|---|---|---|---|
Tmax | 0.202 (2.14) | 3.2 × 10−2 | 0.05 | HA |
Tmin | 0.473 (5.07) | 3.58 × 10−7 | 0.05 | HA |
Tmean | 0.347 (3.71) | 2.1 × 10−4 | 0.05 | HA |
SST (ERSSTv5) | 0.067 (0.71) | 0.48 | 0.05 | H0 |
Time Period (Scale) | GHRSST/ERSST | GHRSST/Tmax | GHRSST/Tmin | GHRSST/Tmean |
---|---|---|---|---|
1998–2016 (month) | 0.91 | 0.95 | 0.92 | 0.94 |
1998–2016 (year) | 0.25 | 0.86 | 0.78 | 0.87 |
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Chinain, M.; Gatti, C.M.i.; Ung, A.; Cruchet, P.; Revel, T.; Viallon, J.; Sibat, M.; Varney, P.; Laurent, V.; Hess, P.; et al. Evidence for the Range Expansion of Ciguatera in French Polynesia: A Revisit of the 2009 Mass-Poisoning Outbreak in Rapa Island (Australes Archipelago). Toxins 2020, 12, 759. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins12120759
Chinain M, Gatti CMi, Ung A, Cruchet P, Revel T, Viallon J, Sibat M, Varney P, Laurent V, Hess P, et al. Evidence for the Range Expansion of Ciguatera in French Polynesia: A Revisit of the 2009 Mass-Poisoning Outbreak in Rapa Island (Australes Archipelago). Toxins. 2020; 12(12):759. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins12120759
Chicago/Turabian StyleChinain, Mireille, Clémence Mahana iti Gatti, André Ung, Philippe Cruchet, Taina Revel, Jérôme Viallon, Manoëlla Sibat, Patrick Varney, Victoire Laurent, Philipp Hess, and et al. 2020. "Evidence for the Range Expansion of Ciguatera in French Polynesia: A Revisit of the 2009 Mass-Poisoning Outbreak in Rapa Island (Australes Archipelago)" Toxins 12, no. 12: 759. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins12120759