Prevalence and Genetic Diversity of Toxin Genes in Clinical Isolates of Clostridium perfringens: Coexistence of Alpha-Toxin Variant and Binary Enterotoxin Genes (bec/cpile)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Prevalence of Toxin Genes and Toxinotypes
2.2. Sequence Type (ST) Based on MLST (multilocus sequence typing) Scheme
2.3. Genetic Analysis of Toxin Genes
2.3.1. Alpha-Toxin (Phospholipase C) Gene (plc) and Alpha-Toxin Type
2.3.2. Enterotoxin Gene (cpe)
2.3.3. Beta2 Toxin Gene (cbp2)
2.3.4. NetB Toxin Gene (netB)
2.3.5. Binary Enterotoxin Gene (becAB/cpile-ab)
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. C. perfringens Isolates
4.2. Genetic Analysis of C. Perfringens
4.3. Classification of Toxinotype and Alpha-Toxin Type
4.4. GenBank Accession Numbers
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Specimens/Patients /Infection Types | Total no. of Isolates | Number of Isolates with Toxin Gene (%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
plc | cpe | cpb2 | netB | bec/cpile | ||
Specimens | ||||||
Feces | 777 | 777 | 262 | 11 | 2 | 1 |
Intestinal fluid | 8 | 8 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Bile/gallbladder | 5 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Pus | 4 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Urine | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Venous blood | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Intestinal mucosa | 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Total | 798 | 798 (100%) | 273 (34.2%) | 11 (1.4%) | 2 (0.3%) | 1 (0.1%) |
Patients | ||||||
male | 370 | 370 (100%) | 155 (41.9%) 1 | 5 (1.4%) | 1 (0.3%) | 0 (0%) |
female | 428 | 428 (100%) | 118 (27.6%) | 6 (1.4%) | 1 (0.2%) | 1 (0.2%) |
Inpatient | 499 | 499 (100%) | 90 (18%) | 7 (1.4%) | 1 (0.2%) | 0 (0%) |
Outpatient | 299 | 299 (100%) | 183 (61.2%) 1 | 4 (1.3%) | 1 (0.3%) | 1 (0.3%) |
Toxinotype 1 | Alpha-Toxin (plc) | Beta-Toxin (cpb) | Epsilon-Toxin (etx) | Iota-Toxin (iA) | Enterotoxin (cpe) | NetB (netB) | Beta2-Toxin (cpb2) | BEC/CPILE (bec/cpile) | No. of Isolates (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | − | 517 (64.8%) |
B | + | + | + | − | − | − | − | − | 0 |
C | + | + | − | − | ± 2 | − | − | − | 0 |
D | + | − | + | − | ± | − | − | − | 0 |
E | + | − | − | + | ± | − | − | − | 0 |
F | + | − | − | − | + | − | − | − | 267 (33.5%) |
G | + | − | − | − | − | + | − | − | 2 (0.3%) |
H1 | + | − | − | − | − | − | + | − | 5 (0.6%) |
H2 | + | − | − | − | + | − | + | − | 6 (0.8%) |
I | + | − | − | − | − | − | − | + | 1 (0.1%) |
Strain ID | Sex | Age | Inpatient /Outpatient | Specimen | Alpha-Toxin Sequence Type | Toxin Gene (+ plc) | Location of cpe | ST (Closest ST for New Alleric Profile) | Allelic Profile |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CP201 | M | 80 | Outpatient | feces | I | netB | - | ST21 | 3-1-3-4-4-3-2-1-1 |
CP238 | F | 83 | Inpatient | feces | I | netB | - | ST21 | 3-1-3-4-4-3-2-1-1 |
CP606 | F | 83 | Inpatient | feces | I | cpb2 (C-1) 1 | - | New: ST21 (TLV) | 10-1-1-9*-3-2-1-1 |
CP501 | M | 1 | Outpatient | feces | IVb | cpe | Plasmid (IS1151-locus) | New | 4-30-19-3-1-3-3-1 |
CP322 | F | 86 | Outpatient | venous blood | IVb | cpe | Plasmid (IS1151-locus) | ST8 | 4-5-1-3-5-4-3-3 |
CP282 | M | 1 | Outpatient | feces | IVb | cpe | Plasmid (IS1151-locus) | New | 4-30-19-3-1-3-3-1 |
CP904 | M | 41 | Outpatient | feces | IVb | cpe | Plasmid (IS1151-locus) | ST25 | 17-3-1-3-1-3-3-14 |
CP648 | F | 89 | Inpatient | feces | IVb | cpb2 (C-1) | - | New: ST25 (TLV) | 4-9-5-3-1-3-3-3 |
CP628 | F | 89 | Inpatient | feces | IVb | - | - | New: ST25 (TLV) | 4-3-5-3-1-3-3-3 |
CP281 | F | 5 | Outpatient | bile | IVb | cpe | Plasmid (IS1151-locus) | ST25 | 17-3-1-3-1-3-3-14 |
CP458 | F | 62 | Outpatient | feces | IVb | cpe, cpb2 (C-2) | Plasmid (IS1151-locus) | New | 4-30-19-3-1-3-3-1 |
CP457 | M | 82 | Inpatient | feces | IVb | cpe, cpb2 (C-1) | Plasmid (IS1470-like locus) | ST36 | 6-6-1-7-1-5-4-1 |
CP428 | F | 78 | Inpatient | feces | IVc | cpe, cpb2 (C-1) | Plasmid (IS1470-like locus) | ST36 | 6-6-1-7-1-5-4-1 |
CP438 | F | 78 | Inpatient | feces | IVc | cpe, cpb2 (C-1) | Plasmid (IS1470-like locus) | ST36 | 6-6-1-7-1-5-4-1 |
CP450 | F | 68 | Inpatient | feces | IVc | cpe, cpb2 (C-1) | Plasmid (IS1470-like locus) | ST36 | 6-6-1-7-1-5-4-1 |
CP157 | M | 72 | Inpatient | pus | IVd | cpe | NT | New | 4-30-19-3-1-3-3-1 |
CP714 | M | 81 | Outpatient | pus | V | cpe | Plasmid (IS1151-locus) | ST41 | 19-5-1-5-5-2-3-1 |
CP885 | F | 93 | Inpatient | feces | V | cpe | Plasmid (IS1151-locus) | ST41 | 19-5-1-5-5-2-3-1 |
CP616 | F | 91 | Inpatient | large intestine mucous membrane | Vd | cpe | Plasmid (IS1151-locus) | ST7 | 5-4-1-5-4-3-3-3 |
CP672 | F | 46 | Outpatient | feces | Vd | cpe | Plasmid (IS1151-locus) | ST41 | 19-5-1-5-5-2-3-1 |
CP792 | F | 51 | Outpatient | feces | Vd | cpe | Plasmid (IS1151-locus) | New: ST41 (SLV) | 19-5-1-5-1-2-3-1 |
CP667 | M | 86 | Inpatient | feces | Vd | cpe | Plasmid (IS1151-locus) | ST41 | 19-5-1-5-5-2-3-1 |
CP489 | M | 1 | Outpatient | feces | Ve | - | - | New: ST41 (SLV) | 19-5-1-5-5-24-3-1 |
CP88 | F | 0 | Outpatient | feces | Ve | - | - | New: ST41 (DLV) | 19-10-1-5-9-2-3-1 |
CP412 | M | 68 | Outpatient | feces | Ve | cpb2 | - | New: ST41 (TLV) | 4-5-3-5-5-2-6-1 |
CP757 | F | 101 | Inpatient | feces | Ve | cpe | Plasmid (IS1151-locus) | ST41 | 19-5-1-5-5-2-3-1 |
CP734 | F | 20 | Outpatient | feces | Ve | - | - | ST41 | 19-5-1-5-5-2-3-1 |
CP666 | F | 96 | Inpatient | feces | Ve | cpe | Plasmid (IS1151-locus) | New: ST41 (SLV) | 19-5-1-5-1-2-3-1 |
CP833 | M | 77 | Outpatient | pus | Ve | cpe | Plasmid (IS1151-locus) | ST41 | 19-5-1-5-5-2-3-1 |
CP832 | M | 4 | Outpatient | feces | Ve | cpe | Plasmid (IS1151-locus) | ST41 | 19-5-1-5-5-2-3-1 |
CP782 | M | 25 | Outpatient | feces | Ve | cpe | Plasmid (IS1470-like locus) | ST41 | 19-5-1-5-5-2-3-?1 |
CP706 | M | 16 | Outpatient | feces | Ve | - | - | New | 19-3-19-5-4-5-3-1 |
CP91 | F | 82 | Outpatient | urine | Ve | cpe | NT | New: ST41 (SLV) | 3-5-1-5-5-2-3-1 |
CP396 | M | 2 | Outpatient | feces | Ve | cpe, cpb2 (C-1) | Plasmid (IS1470-like locus) | ST28 | 19-19-13-5-5-2-3-1 |
CP859 | F | 95 | Outpatient | feces | Ve | cpe | Plasmid (IS1151-locus) | New: ST41 (SLV) | 1-5-1-5-5-2-3-1 |
CP301 | M | 70 | Inpatient | feces | Ve | cpb2 (C-1) | - | ST28 | 19-19-13-5-5-2-3-1 |
CP232 | F | 89 | Inpatient | bile | Ve | cpe | Plasmid (IS1151-locus) | ST41 | 19-5-1-5-5-2-3-1 |
CP94 | M | 69 | Outpatient | intestinal fluid | Ve | - | - | New: ST41 (SLV) | 19-5-3-5-5-2-3-1 |
CP570 | M | 3 | Outpatient | feces | Ve | cpe | Plasmid (IS1470-like locus) | ST41 | 19-5-1-5-5-2-3-1 |
CP502 | F | 2 | Outpatient | feces | Ve | cpe | Plasmid (IS1151-locus) | ST41 | 19-5-1-5-5-2-3-1 |
CP228 | F | 58 | Outpatient | intestinal fluid | Ve | cpe | NT | ST41 | 19-5-1-5-5-2-3-1 |
CP327 | F | 50 | Outpatient | intential wall | Ve | cpe | Plasmid (IS1151-locus) | ST41 | 19-5-1-5-5-2-3-1 |
CP422 | F | 90 | Outpatient | feces | Ve | cpe | Plasmid (IS1470-like locus) | New: ST41 (SLV) | 1-5-1-5*-5-2-3-1 |
CP400 | M | NA | Outpatient | feces | Vf | - | - | New | 4-8-1-1-8-7-4-1 |
CP653 | F | 44 | Outpatient | feces | Vg | bec (cpile) plc-variant 2 | - | New | 4-1-19*-1-3-5-1-1 |
CP452 | M | 26 | Outpatient | feces | VIII | cpb2 (C-1) | - | New | 4-30-1-9*-3-12-8-11 |
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Matsuda, A.; Aung, M.S.; Urushibara, N.; Kawaguchiya, M.; Sumi, A.; Nakamura, M.; Horino, Y.; Ito, M.; Habadera, S.; Kobayashi, N. Prevalence and Genetic Diversity of Toxin Genes in Clinical Isolates of Clostridium perfringens: Coexistence of Alpha-Toxin Variant and Binary Enterotoxin Genes (bec/cpile). Toxins 2019, 11, 326. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11060326
Matsuda A, Aung MS, Urushibara N, Kawaguchiya M, Sumi A, Nakamura M, Horino Y, Ito M, Habadera S, Kobayashi N. Prevalence and Genetic Diversity of Toxin Genes in Clinical Isolates of Clostridium perfringens: Coexistence of Alpha-Toxin Variant and Binary Enterotoxin Genes (bec/cpile). Toxins. 2019; 11(6):326. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11060326
Chicago/Turabian StyleMatsuda, Asami, Meiji Soe Aung, Noriko Urushibara, Mitsuyo Kawaguchiya, Ayako Sumi, Mayumi Nakamura, Yuka Horino, Masahiko Ito, Satoshi Habadera, and Nobumichi Kobayashi. 2019. "Prevalence and Genetic Diversity of Toxin Genes in Clinical Isolates of Clostridium perfringens: Coexistence of Alpha-Toxin Variant and Binary Enterotoxin Genes (bec/cpile)" Toxins 11, no. 6: 326. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11060326