Efficacy of a Yeast Cell Wall Extract to Mitigate the Effect of Naturally Co-Occurring Mycotoxins Contaminating Feed Ingredients Fed to Young Pigs: Impact on Gut Health, Microbiome, and Growth
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Experiment 1
2.1.1. Growth Performance
2.1.2. Hematological Measurements
2.1.3. Serum Biochemical Measurements
2.1.4. Immunological and Oxidative Stress Measurements
2.1.5. Histomorphometry of Duodenum and Jejunum
2.2. Experiment 2
2.2.1. Growth Performance
2.2.2. Apparent Ileal Digestibility
2.2.3. Hematological Measurements
2.2.4. Serum Biochemical Measurements
2.2.5. Jejunal Histomorphometry and Crypt Cell Proliferation
2.2.6. Immunological and Oxidative Stress Measurements
2.2.7. Microbiome Analysis in Jejunal Mucosa
2.2.8. Tight Junction Proteins in Jejunum
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Animals and Experimental Diets
4.2. Sampling and Laboratory Analyses
4.2.1. Blood Sampling
4.2.2. Tissue, Mucosa, and Digesta Collection
4.2.3. Hematological and Biochemical Assays
4.2.4. Tumor Necrosis Factor-α
4.2.5. Immunoglobulins A and G
4.2.6. Malondialdehydes
4.2.7. 8-Hydroxy-Deoxyguanosine
4.2.8. Protein Carbonyl
4.2.9. Chemical Analysis
4.2.10. Apparent Ileal Digestibility
4.2.11. Immunohistochemistry for Ki-67 and Morphometry on Duodenum and Jejunum
4.2.12. Microbiome Analysis of Jejunal Mucosa
4.2.13. Tight Junction Proteins in Jejunal Tissue
4.3. Data Analysis and Interpretation
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mycotoxins (MT) | - | + | p Value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
YCWE (YC) | 0% | 0.2% | 0% | 0.2% | SEM | MT | YC | MT × YC |
Body Weight,kg | ||||||||
Initial | 55.7 | 55.6 | 55.7 | 55.8 | 3.1 | 0.687 | 0.929 | 0.608 |
Day 7 | 59.7 | 58.8 | 58.8 | 58.6 | 3.6 | 0.151 | 0.176 | 0.405 |
Day 14 | 68.9 | 68.0 | 67.8 | 67.2 | 3.8 | 0.099 | 0.178 | 0.758 |
Day 21 | 75.8 | 74.7 | 74.7 | 74.8 | 4.1 | 0.444 | 0.409 | 0.335 |
Day 28 | 82.5 | 80.8 | 81.2 | 82.1 | 4.3 | 0.547 | 0.262 | 0.197 |
Day 35 | 90.5 | 88.3 | 88.5 | 88.4 | 4.5 | 0.255 | 0.205 | 0.228 |
ADG2,kg | ||||||||
Day 0 to 7 | 1.342 | 1.078 | 1.047 | 0.937 | 0.211 | 0.048 | 0.088 | 0.470 |
Day 7 to 14 | 1.311 | 1.303 | 1.282 | 1.229 | 0.054 | 0.271 | 0.506 | 0.626 |
Day 14 to 21 | 0.985 | 0.956 | 0.987 | 1.083 | 0.118 | 0.221 | 0.520 | 0.231 |
Day 21 to 28 | 0.963 | 0.880 | 0.928 | 0.933 | 0.067 | 0.879 | 0.492 | 0.442 |
Day 28 to 35 | 1.142 | 1.074 | 1.037 | 1.012 | 0.105 | 0.220 | 0.484 | 0.745 |
Overall | 1.124 | 1.055 | 1.057 | 1.052 | 0.071 | 0.201 | 0.178 | 0.249 |
ADFI3,kg | ||||||||
Day 0 to 7 | 2.733 | 2.502 | 2.597 | 2.579 | 0.142 | 0.788 | 0.256 | 0.330 |
Day 7 to 14 | 3.075 | 2.825 | 2.828 | 2.847 | 0.170 | 0.174 | 0.166 | 0.107 |
Day 14 to 21 | 2.889 | 2.774 | 2.813 | 2.785 | 0.232 | 0.741 | 0.472 | 0.659 |
Day 21 to 28 | 2.588 | 2.606 | 2.430 | 2.683 | 0.233 | 0.781 | 0.358 | 0.421 |
Day 28 to 35 | 3.093 | 2.828 | 2.872 | 2.672 | 0.252 | 0.145 | 0.073 | 0.796 |
Overall | 2.894 | 2.733 | 2.713 | 2.721 | 0.183 | 0.165 | 0.272 | 0.225 |
G:F4 | ||||||||
Day 0 to 7 | 0.472 | 0.423 | 0.396 | 0.364 | 0.064 | 0.044 | 0.216 | 0.798 |
Day 7 to 14 | 0.434 | 0.461 | 0.457 | 0.435 | 0.024 | 0.925 | 0.896 | 0.151 |
Day 14 to 21 | 0.340 | 0.346 | 0.353 | 0.390 | 0.022 | 0.098 | 0.209 | 0.372 |
Day 21 to 28 | 0.381 | 0.344 | 0.390 | 0.355 | 0.026 | 0.683 | 0.137 | 0.960 |
Day 28 to 35 | 0.369 | 0.382 | 0.358 | 0.379 | 0.019 | 0.697 | 0.339 | 0.788 |
Overall | 0.389 | 0.388 | 0.390 | 0.387 | 0.007 | 0.937 | 0.627 | 0.865 |
Mycotoxins (MT) | - | + | p Value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
YCWE (YC) | 0% | 0.2% | 0% | 0.2% | SEM | MT | YC | MT × YC |
RBC2, 106/µL | 6.84 | 6.90 | 7.05 | 6.80 | 0.23 | 0.687 | 0.601 | 0.387 |
Hemogblobin, g/dL | 12.43 | 12.48 | 12.64 | 11.95 | 0.45 | 0.709 | 0.317 | 0.254 |
Hematocrit, % | 40.91 | 40.63 | 41.05 | 38.79 | 1.38 | 0.495 | 0.189 | 0.317 |
MCV3, fL | 59.70 | 58.70 | 58.39 | 57.22 | 1.19 | 0.124 | 0.286 | 0.988 |
MCH4, pg | 18.22 | 18.12 | 17.96 | 17.62 | 0.36 | 0.217 | 0.527 | 0.755 |
MCHC5, g/dL | 30.47 | 30.81 | 30.79 | 30.79 | 0.21 | 0.492 | 0.420 | 0.412 |
Platelet count, mL | 185.9 | 144.0 | 133.7 | 152.4 | 27.1 | 0.394 | 0.618 | 0.237 |
WBC6, 103/µL | 20.52 | 21.43 | 19.91 | 18.83 | 1.36 | 0.236 | 0.950 | 0.470 |
Neutrophils, cell/mL | 7.89 | 6.66 | 5.89 | 5.77 | 0.72 | 0.003 | 0.139 | 0.225 |
Lymphocytes, cell/mL | 10.97A | 13.05B | 12.47AB | 11.30AB | 0.97 | 0.868 | 0.614 | 0.099 |
Monocytes, cell/mL | 1.04 | 1.13 | 0.96 | 1.13 | 0.15 | 0.777 | 0.397 | 0.781 |
Eosinophils, cell/µL | 543 | 499 | 518 | 484 | 84 | 0.812 | 0.636 | 0.949 |
Basophils, cell/µL | 109 | 128 | 130 | 66 | 45 | 0.585 | 0.545 | 0.271 |
Mycotoxins (MT) | - | + | p Value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
YCWE (YC) | 0% | 0.2% | 0% | 0.2% | SEM | MT | YC | MT × YC |
Total protein, g/dL | 6.44 | 6.18 | 6.49 | 6.36 | 0.12 | 0.309 | 0.090 | 0.573 |
Albumin, g/dL | 3.60 | 3.48 | 3.62 | 3.73 | 0.08 | 0.042 | 0.950 | 0.074 |
Globulin, g/dL | 2.84 | 2.70 | 2.87 | 2.66 | 0.11 | 0.948 | 0.106 | 0.731 |
A to G ratio2 | 1.28 | 1.29 | 1.27 | 1.40 | 0.06 | 0.389 | 0.231 | 0.319 |
AST3, U/L | 23.25 | 27.88 | 22.72 | 20.36 | 2.71 | 0.111 | 0.712 | 0.144 |
ALT4, U/L | 19.38 | 20.63 | 20.03 | 17.83 | 1.76 | 0.507 | 0.769 | 0.291 |
ALP5, U/L | 132 | 143 | 149 | 157 | 10 | 0.098 | 0.301 | 0.947 |
CPK6, U/L | 1,230 | 1,749 | 1,119 | 1,358 | 254 | 0.287 | 0.113 | 0.552 |
BUN7, mg/dL | 14.75 | 13.75 | 13.08 | 12.33 | 1.84 | 0.088 | 0.336 | 0.868 |
Creatinine, mg/dL | 1.30 | 1.40 | 1.30 | 1.25 | 0.08 | 0.197 | 0.629 | 0.189 |
BUN-to-creatinine ratio | 11.50 | 10.25 | 10.07 | 10.34 | 1.85 | 0.385 | 0.526 | 0.330 |
Cholesterol, mg/dL | 86.13 | 85.25 | 79.89 | 74.29 | 3.65 | 0.019 | 0.354 | 0.497 |
Glucose, mg/dL | 72.50 | 77.13 | 82.90 | 79.27 | 4.14 | 0.051 | 0.873 | 0.189 |
Ca, mg/dL | 10.59 | 10.54 | 10.66 | 10.76 | 0.13 | 0.232 | 0.821 | 0.519 |
Cl, mEq/L | 100.6 | 101.5 | 100.0 | 101.1 | 0.86 | 0.384 | 0.081 | 0.807 |
Na, mEq/L | 145.4 | 147.5 | 145.8 | 146.0 | 0.65 | 0.374 | 0.064 | 0.129 |
K, mEq/L | 5.28 | 5.35 | 5.06 | 4.95 | 0.22 | 0.064 | 0.914 | 0.566 |
Na to K ratio | 27.63 | 27.75 | 28.96 | 29.90 | 1.06 | 0.053 | 0.553 | 0.652 |
P, mg/dL | 9.16 | 9.03 | 8.82 | 8.86 | 0.16 | 0.100 | 0.721 | 0.577 |
Mycotoxins (MT) | - | + | p Value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
YCWE (YC) | 0% | 0.2% | 0% | 0.2% | SEM | MT | YC | MT × YC |
Immunological Parameters | ||||||||
Duodenal TNF-α2, pg/mg protein | 8.79 | 6.96 | 8.69 | 8.91 | 0.81 | 0.261 | 0.331 | 0.217 |
Jejunal TNF-α, pg/mg protein | 6.56 | 5.53 | 5.36 | 5.80 | 0.75 | 0.490 | 0.659 | 0.281 |
Serumal TNF-α, pg/mL | 183 | 187 | 169 | 173 | 11 | 0.206 | 0.726 | 0.959 |
Duodenal IgG3, µg/mg protein | 2.77 | 4.26 | 5.36 | 4.61 | 0.71 | 0.049 | 0.605 | 0.128 |
Jejunal IgG, µg/mg protein | 1.75 a | 2.95 b | 2.96 b | 2.40 ab | 0.37 | 0.255 | 0.274 | 0.005 |
Serumal IgG, mg/mL | 7.92 | 8.04 | 9.49 | 7.75 | 0.85 | 0.240 | 0.143 | 0.096 |
Oxidative Stress Parameters | ||||||||
Duodenal MDA4, nmol/mg protein | 0.82 | 0.73 | 0.68 | 0.96 | 0.12 | 0.701 | 0.415 | 0.123 |
Jejunal MDA, nmol/mg protein | 1.14 | 1.20 | 0.99 | 1.08 | 0.38 | 0.561 | 0.747 | 0.959 |
Serumal MDA, µM | 15.94 | 14.74 | 15.80 | 15.22 | 5.39 | 0.915 | 0.575 | 0.845 |
Serumal 8-OHdG5, ng/mL | 1.29 | 0.93 | 1.66 | 0.26 | 0.49 | 0.737 | 0.049 | 0.235 |
Mycotoxins (MT) | - | + | p Value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
YCWE (YC) | 0% | 0.2% | 0% | 0.2% | SEM | MT | YC | MT × YC |
Duodenum | ||||||||
Villus height (VH), µm | 516 | 484 | 498 | 491 | 19 | 0.770 | 0.306 | 0.509 |
Villus width, µm | 115 | 112 | 111 | 108 | 5.8 | 0.323 | 0.442 | 1.000 |
Crypt depth (CD), µm | 295 | 253 | 275 | 268 | 13 | 0.840 | 0.051 | 0.141 |
VH to CD ratio | 1.77 | 1.93 | 1.83 | 1.83 | 0.08 | 0.761 | 0.192 | 0.233 |
Jejunum | ||||||||
Villus height, µm | 482 | 495 | 495 | 495 | 36 | 0.845 | 0.845 | 0.842 |
Villus width, µm | 119 | 101 | 116 | 108 | 5.3 | 0.685 | 0.018 | 0.324 |
Crypt depth, µm | 238 | 235 | 243 | 245 | 8.9 | 0.368 | 0.950 | 0.798 |
VH-to-CD ratio | 2.04 | 2.11 | 2.05 | 2.01 | 0.16 | 0.758 | 0.899 | 0.646 |
Mycotoxins (MT) | - | + | p Value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
YCWE (YC) | 0% | 0.2% | 0% | 0.2% | SEM | MT | YC | MT × YC |
Body Weight,kg | ||||||||
Initial | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 0.2 | 1.000 | 0.632 | 0.905 |
Day 5 | 6.1 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 5.9 | 0.3 | 0.364 | 0.258 | 0.569 |
Day 10 | 6.9 | 6.7 | 6.8 | 6.4 | 0.3 | 0.293 | 0.057 | 0.473 |
Day 15 | 8.5 | 8.1 | 8.2 | 7.6 | 0.4 | 0.079 | 0.037 | 0.779 |
Day 20 | 10.8 | 10.3 | 10.2 | 9.3 | 0.4 | 0.030 | 0.066 | 0.638 |
Day 27 | 14.5 | 14.3 | 13.7 | 14.4 | 0.6 | 0.017 | 0.156 | 0.327 |
Day 34 | 19.6 | 18.6 | 17.4 | 16.4 | 0.7 | 0.001 | 0.129 | 0.940 |
Day 41 | 25.4 | 24.3 | 22.2 | 22.0 | 0.8 | <0.001 | 0.370 | 0.514 |
Day 48 | 31.7 | 30.4 | 27.6 | 27.9 | 1.0 | <0.001 | 0.589 | 0.348 |
ADG2, kg | ||||||||
Day 0 to 5 | 0.017 | −0.017 | −0.008 | −0.024 | 0.014 | 0.205 | 0.048 | 0.489 |
Day 5 to 10 | 0.165 | 0.155 | 0.180 | 0.104 | 0.021 | 0.390 | 0.047 | 0.122 |
Day 10 to 15 | 0.321 | 0.278 | 0.265 | 0.243 | 0.029 | 0.082 | 0.210 | 0.673 |
Day 15 to 20 | 0.462 | 0.445 | 0.403 | 0.343 | 0.033 | 0.020 | 0.249 | 0.527 |
Day 20 to 27 | 0.529 | 0.567 | 0.506 | 0.444 | 0.044 | 0.103 | 0.783 | 0.259 |
Day 27 to 34 | 0.728 A | 0.614 AB | 0.521 B | 0.569 AB | 0.047 | 0.011 | 0.488 | 0.096 |
Day 34 to 41 | 0.831 a | 0.819 a | 0.686 b | 0.795 a | 0.034 | 0.006 | 0.110 | 0.045 |
Day 41 to 48 | 0.895 | 0.876 | 0.778 | 0.852 | 0.036 | 0.046 | 0.420 | 0.180 |
Phase 1 (day 0 to 20) | 0.241 | 0.215 | 0.210 | 0.166 | 0.017 | 0.025 | 0.048 | 0.612 |
Phase 2 (day 20 to 48) | 0.746 | 0.719 | 0.623 | 0.665 | 0.024 | 0.001 | 0.750 | 0.151 |
Overall | 0.494 | 0.467 | 0.416 | 0.416 | 0.017 | <0.001 | 0.420 | 0.440 |
ADFI3, kg | ||||||||
Day 0 to 5 | 0.083 c | 0.053 d | 0.066 | 0.049 | 0.008 | 0.212 | 0.005 | 0.403 |
Day 5 to 10 | 0.234 | 0.201 | 0.201 | 0.145 | 0.019 | 0.027 | 0.027 | 0.564 |
Day 10 to 15 | 0.433 | 0.402 | 0.372 | 0.303 | 0.024 | 0.002 | 0.039 | 0.428 |
Day 15 to 20 | 0.642 | 0.625 | 0.523 | 0.488 | 0.039 | 0.001 | 0.475 | 0.805 |
Day 20 to 27 | 0.786 | 0.805 | 0.643 | 0.630 | 0.043 | <0.001 | 0.944 | 0.722 |
Day 27 to 34 | 1.060 | 0.944 | 0.783 | 0.789 | 0.056 | <0.001 | 0.328 | 0.281 |
Day 34 to 41 | 1.245 | 1.136 | 1.036 | 1.046 | 0.064 | 0.010 | 0.327 | 0.284 |
Day 41 to 48 | 1.529 | 1.406 | 1.275 | 1.262 | 0.055 | <0.001 | 0.156 | 0.245 |
Phase 1 (day 0 to 20) | 0.348 | 0.320 | 0.291 | 0.247 | 0.019 | 0.001 | 0.065 | 0.679 |
Phase 2 (day 20 to 48) | 1.155 | 1.073 | 0.934 | 0.932 | 0.042 | <0.001 | 0.301 | 0.324 |
Overall | 0.752 | 0.700 | 0.613 | 0.589 | 0.028 | <0.001 | 0.149 | 0.554 |
G:F4 | ||||||||
Day 0 to 5 | −0.043 | −1.346 | −0.299 | −1.109 | 0.542 | 0.986 | 0.054 | 0.646 |
Day 5 to 10 | 0.718 | 0.769 | 0.873 A | 0.632 B | 0.074 | 0.904 | 0.210 | 0.055 |
Day 10 to 15 | 0.732 | 0.693 | 0.721 | 0.806 | 0.061 | 0.352 | 0.678 | 0.256 |
Day 15 to 20 | 0.731 | 0.705 | 0.771 | 0.709 | 0.036 | 0.547 | 0.226 | 0.632 |
Day 20 to 27 | 0.666 | 0.695 | 0.791 | 0.703 | 0.045 | 0.140 | 0.501 | 0.190 |
Day 27 to 34 | 0.689 | 0.640 | 0.663 | 0.716 | 0.034 | 0.447 | 0.949 | 0.117 |
Day 34 to 41 | 0.675 | 0.731 | 0.663 | 0.769 | 0.022 | 0.547 | <0.001 | 0.263 |
Day 41 to 48 | 0.587 | 0.626 | 0.604 | 0.678 | 0.019 | 0.078 | 0.006 | 0.366 |
Phase 1 (day 0 to 20) | 0.693 | 0.666 | 0.716 | 0.673 | 0.032 | 0.579 | 0.186 | 0.766 |
Phase 2 (day 20 to 48) | 0.649 | 0.673 | 0.666 | 0.717 | 0.012 | 0.016 | 0.003 | 0.287 |
Overall | 0.660 | 0.673 | 0.679 | 0.708 | 0.012 | 0.023 | 0.079 | 0.495 |
Mycotoxins (MT) | - | + | p Value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
YCWE (YC) | 0% | 0.2% | 0% | 0.2% | SEM | MT | YC | MT × YC |
AID, % | ||||||||
Dry matter | 69.7 | 70.0 | 64.0 | 70.7 | 2.39 | 0.243 | 0.106 | 0.144 |
Crude protein | 78.5 | 78.9 | 75.5 b | 80.1 a | 1.25 | 0.479 | 0.049 | 0.091 |
Gross energy | 70.9 AB | 70.9 AB | 65.1 B | 72.6 A | 2.35 | 0.354 | 0.097 | 0.096 |
Ether extract | 81.8 ab | 80.8 ab | 76.6 b | 83.5 a | 1.88 | 0.483 | 0.113 | 0.032 |
Mycotoxins (MT) | - | + | p Value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
YCWE (YC) | 0% | 0.2% | 0% | 0.2% | SEM | MT | YC | MT × YC |
RBC2, 106/µL | ||||||||
Day 14 | 6.84 | 6.90 | 7.05 | 6.80 | 0.23 | 0.687 | 0.601 | 0.387 |
Day 45 | 6.86 | 6.30 | 6.91 | 6.68 | 0.17 | 0.194 | 0.023 | 0.313 |
Hemoglobin, g/dL | ||||||||
Day 14 | 12.43 | 12.48 | 12.64 | 11.95 | 0.45 | 0.709 | 0.317 | 0.254 |
Day 45 | 12.11 | 11.51 | 12.53 | 12.18 | 0.27 | 0.052 | 0.086 | 0.659 |
Hematocrit, % | ||||||||
Day 14 | 40.91 | 40.63 | 41.05 | 38.79 | 1.38 | 0.495 | 0.189 | 0.317 |
Day 45 | 41.58 | 38.92 | 42.33 | 40.17 | 1.15 | 0.392 | 0.043 | 0.830 |
MCV3, fL | ||||||||
Day 14 | 59.70 | 58.70 | 58.39 | 57.22 | 1.19 | 0.124 | 0.286 | 0.988 |
Day 45 | 60.50 | 61.75 | 61.25 | 60.25 | 0.85 | 0.660 | 0.883 | 0.192 |
MCH4, pg | ||||||||
Day 14 | 18.22 | 18.12 | 17.96 | 17.62 | 0.36 | 0.217 | 0.527 | 0.755 |
Day 45 | 17.67 | 18.31 | 18.14 | 18.32 | 0.25 | 0.330 | 0.104 | 0.347 |
MCHC5, g/dL | ||||||||
Day 14 | 30.47 | 30.81 | 30.79 | 30.79 | 0.21 | 0.492 | 0.420 | 0.412 |
Day 45 | 29.21 | 29.70 | 29.66 | 30.40 | 0.41 | 0.170 | 0.147 | 0.757 |
Platelet count, cell/mL | ||||||||
Day 14 | 185.9 | 144.0 | 133.7 | 152.4 | 27.1 | 0.394 | 0.618 | 0.237 |
Day 45 | 230.4 | 174.0 | 220.3 | 154.1 | 31.4 | 0.635 | 0.058 | 0.876 |
WBC6, 103/µL | ||||||||
Day 14 | 20.52 | 21.43 | 19.91 | 18.83 | 1.36 | 0.236 | 0.950 | 0.470 |
Day 45 | 18.62 | 16.30 | 18.68 | 16.25 | 1.28 | 0.997 | 0.071 | 0.966 |
Neutrophils, cell/mL | ||||||||
Day 14 | 7.89 | 6.66 | 5.89 | 5.77 | 0.72 | 0.003 | 0.139 | 0.225 |
Day 45 | 3.64 | 4.21 | 3.89 | 3.45 | 0.44 | 0.545 | 0.882 | 0.233 |
Lymphocytes, cell/mL | ||||||||
Day 14 | 10.97 | 13.05 | 12.47 | 11.30 | 0.97 | 0.868 | 0.614 | 0.100 |
Day 45 | 13.33 | 9.96 | 12.96 | 11.37 | 1.19 | 0.662 | 0.042 | 0.452 |
Monocytes, cell/mL | ||||||||
Day 14 | 1.04 | 1.13 | 0.96 | 1.13 | 0.15 | 0.777 | 0.397 | 0.781 |
Day 45 | 1.07 | 1.04 | 1.32 | 0.98 | 0.18 | 0.580 | 0.285 | 0.377 |
Eosinophils, cell/µL | ||||||||
Day 14 | 543 | 499 | 518 | 484 | 84 | 0.812 | 0.636 | 0.949 |
Day 45 | 502 | 451 | 478 | 434 | 78 | 0.786 | 0.529 | 0.954 |
Mycotoxins (MT) | - | + | p Value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
YCWE (YC) | 0% | 0.2% | 0% | 0.2% | SEM | MT | YC | MT × YC |
Total protein, g/dL | ||||||||
Day 14 | 4.65 | 4.64 | 4.67 | 4.57 | 0.09 | 0.742 | 0.542 | 0.606 |
Day 45 | 5.18 | 5.14 | 5.14 | 4.87 | 0.110 | 0.077 | 0.077 | 0.163 |
Albumin, g/dL | ||||||||
Day 14 | 2.65 | 2.58 | 2.70 | 2.69 | 0.06 | 0.164 | 0.506 | 0.605 |
Day 45 | 3.33 | 2.98 | 7.64 | 5.27 | 1.96 | 0.078 | 0.457 | 0.583 |
Globulin, g/dL | ||||||||
Day 14 | 2.00 | 2.06 | 1.97 | 1.82 | 0.08 | 0.071 | 0.539 | 0.167 |
Day 45 | 1.84 | 3.50 | 3.88 | 1.78 | 1.16 | 0.895 | 0.850 | 0.114 |
Albumin to globulin ratio | ||||||||
Day 14 | 1.34 | 1.27 | 1.42 | 1.51 | 0.06 | 0.012 | 0.891 | 0.175 |
Day 45 | 1.84 a | 1.47 b | 1.62 ab | 1.76 ab | 0.09 | 0.723 | 0.218 | 0.009 |
AST2, U/L | ||||||||
Day 14 | 33.92 AB | 38.83 AB | 41.42 A | 32.42 B | 3.69 | 0.884 | 0.583 | 0.067 |
Day 45 | 21.33 | 23.42 | 31.08 | 23.50 | 4.60 | 0.193 | 0.463 | 0.201 |
ALT3, U/L | ||||||||
Day 14 | 22.17 | 25.50 | 22.42 | 24.33 | 1.85 | 0.806 | 0.165 | 0.704 |
Day 45 | 22.08 | 21.50 | 22.17 | 28.75 | 2.30 | 0.120 | 0.201 | 0.128 |
ALP4, U/L | ||||||||
Day 14 | 381 | 352 | 375 | 332 | 21 | 0.535 | 0.091 | 0.718 |
Day 45 | 311 | 256 | 271 | 278 | 22 | 0.693 | 0.278 | 0.165 |
CPK5, U/L | ||||||||
Day 14 | 1230 | 1749 | 1119 | 1358 | 254 | 0.287 | 0.113 | 0.552 |
Day 45 | 1224 | 1161 | 1931 | 1454 | 403 | 0.223 | 0.508 | 0.610 |
BUN6, mg/dL | ||||||||
Day 14 | 15.42 | 17.75 | 16.50 | 17.67 | 1.61 | 0.751 | 0.270 | 0.711 |
Day 45 | 10.83 | 11.50 | 10.33 | 11.00 | 0.52 | 0.345 | 0.210 | 1.000 |
Creatinine, mg/dL | ||||||||
Day 14 | 0.75 | 0.75 | 0.78 | 0.88 | 0.04 | 0.035 | 0.154 | 0.154 |
Day 45 | 0.88 | 0.89 | 0.89 | 0.82 | 0.04 | 0.351 | 0.351 | 0.245 |
BUN-to-creatinine ratio | ||||||||
Day 14 | 20.42 | 24.08 | 21.33 | 20.42 | 2.09 | 0.455 | 0.455 | 0.216 |
Day 45 | 12.67 | 13.25 | 11.75 | 13.58 | 0.791 | 0.715 | 0.135 | 0.435 |
Cholesterol, mg/dL | ||||||||
Day 14 | 86.13 | 85.25 | 79.89 | 74.29 | 3.65 | 0.019 | 0.354 | 0.497 |
Day 45 | 82.83 ab | 86.25 a | 83.92 ab | 77.08 b | 2.19 | 0.072 | 0.439 | 0.024 |
Glucose, mg/dL | ||||||||
Day 14 | 101.3 | 104.3 | 99.1 | 99.4 | 4.0 | 0.377 | 0.680 | 0.741 |
Day 45 | 110.8 | 113.1 | 112.9 | 113.0 | 3.9 | 0.757 | 0.719 | 0.738 |
Ca, mg/dL | ||||||||
Day 14 | 11.64 | 11.12 | 11.30 | 10.79 | 0.25 | 0.153 | 0.030 | 0.971 |
Day 45 | 11.31 | 10.96 | 11.02 | 11.13 | 0.14 | 0.683 | 0.416 | 0.108 |
Cl, mEq/L | ||||||||
Day 14 | 100.6 | 101.5 | 100.0 | 101.1 | 0.86 | 0.384 | 0.081 | 0.807 |
Day 45 | 101.6 | 102.8 | 101.3 | 102.1 | 0.615 | 0.442 | 0.112 | 0.726 |
Na, mEq/L | ||||||||
Day 14 | 144.4 | 143.3 | 145.3 | 143.5 | 0.86 | 0.534 | 0.083 | 0.678 |
Day 45 | 141.9 | 142.8 | 140.5 | 142.3 | 0.790 | 0.217 | 0.099 | 0.552 |
K, mEq/L | ||||||||
Day 14 | 5.28 | 5.35 | 5.06 | 4.95 | 0.22 | 0.064 | 0.914 | 0.566 |
Day 45 | 5.57 | 6.08 | 5.68 | 5.53 | 0.25 | 0.381 | 0.479 | 0.181 |
Na-to-K ratio | ||||||||
Day 14 | 27.63 | 27.75 | 28.96 | 29.90 | 1.06 | 0.053 | 0.553 | 0.652 |
Day 45 | 26.00 | 24.00 | 25.42 | 26.42 | 1.06 | 0.363 | 0.618 | 0.140 |
P, mg/dL | ||||||||
Day 14 | 9.20 | 9.06 | 9.03 | 8.52 | 0.27 | 0.184 | 0.227 | 0.493 |
Day 45 | 10.76 | 10.91 | 10.55 | 10.54 | 0.24 | 0.246 | 0.773 | 0.748 |
Mycotoxins (MT) | - | + | p Value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
YCWE (YC) | 0% | 0.2% | 0% | 0.2% | SEM | MT | YC | MT × YC |
Villus height (VH), μm | 521 | 525 | 509 | 520 | 4.4 | 0.047 | 0.088 | 0.448 |
Villus width (top), μm | 91 | 89 | 91 | 100 | 3.1 | 0.096 | 0.246 | 0.130 |
Villus width (middle), μm | 118 | 113 | 111 | 114 | 3.3 | 0.401 | 0.673 | 0.258 |
Villus width (bottom), µm | 124 | 119 | 121 | 117 | 4.3 | 0.476 | 0.257 | 0.870 |
Crypt depth (CD), μm | 239 | 239 | 232 | 234 | 4.3 | 0.101 | 0.764 | 0.820 |
VH-to-CD ratio2 | 2.19 | 2.20 | 2.20 | 2.23 | 0.04 | 0.759 | 0.632 | 0.788 |
Ki-67, % | 26.0 | 28.7 | 22.0 | 26.5 | 2.01 | 0.091 | 0.052 | 0.646 |
Mycotoxins (MT) | - | + | p Value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
YCWE (YC) | 0% | 0.2% | 0% | 0.2% | SEM | MT | YC | MT × YC |
Tumor necrosis factor-α | ||||||||
Serum at day 14, pg/mL | 124 A | 124 A | 151 B | 127 A | 6.8 | 0.031 | 0.084 | 0.083 |
Serum at day 45, pg/mL | 61 | 61 | 68 | 61 | 2.5 | 0.180 | 0.115 | 0.147 |
Jejunal mucosa, ng/mg protein | 708 | 668 | 730 | 562 | 58 | 0.429 | 0.055 | 0.233 |
Immunoglobulin A | ||||||||
Serum at day 14, mg/mL | 0.42 | 0.33 | 0.41 | 0.37 | 0.05 | 0.701 | 0.183 | 0.554 |
Serum at day 45, mg/mL | 0.57 | 0.55 | 0.67 | 0.61 | 0.06 | 0.187 | 0.515 | 0.752 |
Jejunal mucosa, μg/mg protein | 5.83 | 5.57 | 6.85 | 6.12 | 0.24 | 0.002 | 0.037 | 0.318 |
Immunoglobulin G | ||||||||
Serum at day 14, mg/mL | 3.19 | 3.59 | 3.33 | 3.05 | 0.30 | 0.469 | 0.831 | 0.226 |
Serum at day 45, mg/mL | 2.62 AB | 2.83 AB | 3.04 A | 2.51 B | 0.21 | 0.787 | 0.418 | 0.057 |
Jejunal mucosa, μg/mg protein | 1.04 | 1.42 | 1.11 | 1.02 | 0.19 | 0.379 | 0.441 | 0.208 |
Protein carbonyl | ||||||||
Serum at day 14, nmol/mg protein | 1.91 | 2.00 | 2.16 | 1.85 | 0.15 | 0.730 | 0.458 | 0.189 |
Serum at day 45, nmol/mg protein | 1.76 | 2.01 | 2.02 | 1.87 | 0.12 | 0.605 | 0.668 | 0.108 |
Jejunal mucosa, nmol/mg protein | 2.33 | 2.31 | 2.83 a | 2.51 b | 0.08 | 0.001 | 0.026 | 0.047 |
Malondialdehydes | ||||||||
Serum at day 14, μM | 8.90 | 9.49 | 11.17 | 9.91 | 1.23 | 0.255 | 0.774 | 0.429 |
Serum at day 45, μM | 8.89 | 9.57 | 10.25 | 9.83 | 1.43 | 0.542 | 0.922 | 0.682 |
Jejunal mucosa, nmol/g protein | 511 | 542 | 488 | 579 | 78 | 0.925 | 0.401 | 0.679 |
Mycotoxins (MT) | - | + | p Value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
YCWE (YC) | 0% | 0.2% | 0% | 0.2% | SEM | MT | YC | MT × YC |
Actinobacteria | 5.65 | 7.69 | 7.71 | 6.01 | 1.90 | 0.915 | 0.922 | 0.288 |
Bacteroidetes | 8.64 ab | 7.66 ab | 5.93 b | 19.63 a | 3.52 | 0.182 | 0.069 | 0.037 |
Firmicutes | 57.49 | 59.40 | 62.92 | 46.44 | 6.68 | 0.514 | 0.210 | 0.116 |
Proteobacteria | 20.06 | 25.01 | 21.88 | 26.57 | 4.90 | 0.733 | 0.331 | 0.979 |
Spirochaetes | 0.74 AB | 0.16 AB | 0.10 A | 1.07 B | 0.45 | 0.737 | 0.632 | 0.062 |
Chlamydiae | 7.37 | 0.08 | 1.34 | 0.25 | 2.80 | 0.302 | 0.142 | 0.275 |
Deinococcus-Thermus | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.11 | 0.00 | 0.06 | 0.324 | 0.324 | 0.324 |
Fusobacteria | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.324 | 0.324 | 0.324 |
Nitrospirae | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.467 | 0.467 | 0.231 |
Tenericutes | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.965 | 0.965 | 0.161 |
Verrucomicrobia | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.324 | 0.324 | 0.324 |
Mycotoxins (MT) | - | + | p Value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
YCWE (YC) | 0% | 0.2% | 0% | 0.2% | SEM | MT | YC | MT × YC |
Lactobacillaceae | 13.95 | 20.02 | 32.20 | 35.86 | 6.68 | 0.011 | 0.451 | 0.851 |
Lactobacillus | 13.95 | 20.02 | 32.20 | 35.86 | 6.68 | 0.011 | 0.451 | 0.851 |
Clostridiaceae | 12.94 | 7.53 | 7.81 | 11.60 | 3.99 | 0.895 | 0.841 | 0.256 |
Clostridium | 12.94 | 7.53 | 7.81 | 11.60 | 3.99 | 0.895 | 0.841 | 0.256 |
Prevotellaceae | 14.84 | 7.77 | 11.38 | 3.73 | 3.78 | 0.295 | 0.044 | 0.935 |
Prevotella | 14.84 | 7.77 | 11.38 | 3.73 | 3.78 | 0.295 | 0.044 | 0.935 |
Veillonellaceae | 3.81 | 4.32 | 4.18 | 4.98 | 1.66 | 0.758 | 0.696 | 0.929 |
Dialister | 0.10 | 0.31 | 0.22 | 0.13 | 0.10 | 0.762 | 0.576 | 0.129 |
Mitsuokella | 0.52 | 1.56 | 1.75 | 2.75 | 0.91 | 0.192 | 0.271 | 0.981 |
Ruminococcaceae | 2.37 | 3.54 | 2.65 | 4.57 | 2.03 | 0.707 | 0.379 | 0.831 |
Faecalibacterium | 0.52 | 2.23 | 1.03 | 3.29 | 1.68 | 0.581 | 0.169 | 0.849 |
Ruminococcus | 1.85 | 1.31 | 1.62 | 1.28 | 0.62 | 0.830 | 0.471 | 0.870 |
Propionibacteriaceae | 2.46 | 5.03 | 2.59 | 2.86 | 0.93 | 0.249 | 0.110 | 0.194 |
Propionibacterium | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.542 | 0.215 | 0.542 |
Helicobacteraceae | 2.50 | 5.10 | 0.80 | 3.92 | 2.90 | 0.623 | 0.329 | 0.930 |
Helicobacter | 2.50 | 5.10 | 0.80 | 3.92 | 2.90 | 0.623 | 0.329 | 0.930 |
Bacillaceae | 2.33 | 4.13 | 2.97 | 2.76 | 1.78 | 0.835 | 0.658 | 0.575 |
Anoxybacillus | 0.50 | 1.63 | 1.32 | 0.12 | 0.69 | 0.615 | 0.957 | 0.097 |
Bacillus | 1.65 | 2.35 | 1.55 | 2.46 | 1.66 | 0.999 | 0.631 | 0.949 |
Moraxellaceae | 1.89 | 2.01 | 2.57 | 4.44 | 1.16 | 0.188 | 0.397 | 0.453 |
Acinetobacter | 1.89 | 2.01 | 2.57 | 4.44 | 1.16 | 0.188 | 0.397 | 0.453 |
Lachnospiraceae | 2.78 | 2.28 | 3.37 | 1.97 | 0.89 | 0.871 | 0.267 | 0.601 |
Roseburia | 1.31 | 1.24 | 0.88 | 0.99 | 0.54 | 0.533 | 0.973 | 0.868 |
Oxalobacteraceae | 1.06 | 0.25 | 0.16 | 0.34 | 0.34 | 0.244 | 0.365 | 0.160 |
Massilia | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.324 | 0.324 | 0.324 |
Enterobacteriaceae | 3.65 | 0.83 | 1.42 | 2.90 | 1.29 | 0.919 | 0.632 | 0.097 |
Leclercia | 0.12 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.06 | 0.324 | 0.324 | 0.324 |
Proteus | 0.38 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.2 | 0.15 | 0.233 | 0.217 | 0.187 |
Trabulsiella | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.175 | 0.175 | 0.175 |
Turicibacter | 0.34 | 0.19 | 1.35 | 0.38 | 0.52 | 0.125 | 0.144 | 0.241 |
Chlamydiaceae | 0.04 | 8.24 | 0.70 | 0.05 | 2.79 | 0.185 | 0.184 | 0.121 |
Chlamydia | 0.04 | 8.24 | 0.70 | 0.05 | 2.79 | 0.185 | 0.184 | 0.121 |
Staphylococcaceae | 1.17 | 5.08 | 0.81 | 1.91 | 2.13 | 0.413 | 0.247 | 0.513 |
Staphylococcus | 0.01 | 0.10 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.742 | 0.319 | 0.627 |
Pseudomonadaceae | 0.68 | 3.19 | 1.61 | 1.63 | 1.04 | 0.752 | 0.212 | 0.216 |
Pseudomonas | 0.58 | 2.96 | 1.52 | 1.43 | 1.03 | 0.760 | 0.247 | 0.212 |
Erysipelotrichaceae | 2.72 | 0.45 | 2.93 | 0.98 | 0.92 | 0.665 | 0.017 | 0.853 |
Streptococcaceae | 1.72 | 0.88 | 2.85 | 1.07 | 1.02 | 0.481 | 0.166 | 0.615 |
Streptococcus | 1.72 | 0.88 | 2.85 | 1.07 | 1.02 | 0.481 | 0.166 | 0.615 |
Paenibacillaceae | 6.17 | 0.75 | 0.17 | 0.15 | 2.08 | 0.121 | 0.198 | 0.201 |
Succinivibrionaceae | 1.65 | 2.04 | 1.00 | 1.16 | 0.62 | 0.206 | 0.642 | 0.841 |
Succinivibrio | 1.65 | 2.04 | 1.00 | 1.16 | 0.62 | 0.206 | 0.642 | 0.841 |
Xanthomonadaceae | 3.88 | 0.20 | 0.35 | 0.53 | 1.79 | 0.369 | 0.326 | 0.279 |
Stenotrophomonas | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.673 | 0.673 | 0.121 |
Others2 | 17.44 | 16.36 | 17.60 | 12.62 | 3.74 | 0.634 | 0.423 | 0.604 |
Mycotoxins (MT) | - | + | p Value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
YCWE (YC) | 0% | 0.2% | 0% | 0.2% | SEM | MT | YC | MT × YC |
Lactobacillus mucosae | 8.18 | 16.63 | 7.17 | 9.19 | 3.83 | 0.259 | 0.164 | 0.389 |
Prevotella copri | 2.49 | 8.85 | 5.62 | 11.62 | 3.02 | 0.306 | 0.036 | 0.951 |
Lactobacillus kitasatonis | 17.58 | 5.50 | 3.01 | 1.06 | 4.51 | 0.031 | 0.107 | 0.241 |
Clostridium perfringens | 7.07 | 3.18 | 5.34 | 8.56 | 3.82 | 0.636 | 0.930 | 0.358 |
Propionibacterium acnes | 2.85 | 2.55 | 5.00 | 2.43 | 0.92 | 0.245 | 0.104 | 0.197 |
Lactobacillus delbrueckii | 2.35 | 2.64 | 2.57 | 1.59 | 0.50 | 0.386 | 0.476 | 0.190 |
Chlamydia suis | 0.05 | 0.70 | 8.22 | 0.04 | 2.78 | 0.184 | 0.184 | 0.120 |
Lactobacillus sp. | 2.04 | 2.38 | 2.01 | 1.19 | 0.49 | 0.159 | 0.582 | 0.179 |
Lactobacillus equicursoris | 2.99 | 0.37 | 3.90 | 0.13 | 1.49 | 0.820 | 0.039 | 0.701 |
Clostridium butyricum | 2.15 | 2.77 | 1.00 | 1.05 | 0.93 | 0.133 | 0.725 | 0.759 |
Dialister succinatiphilus | 2.75 | 1.75 | 1.56 | 0.52 | 0.91 | 0.192 | 0.271 | 0.981 |
Faecalibacterium prausnitzii | 1.28 | 1.62 | 1.31 | 1.85 | 0.62 | 0.830 | 0.471 | 0.870 |
Succinivibrio dextrinosolvens | 1.16 | 1.00 | 2.04 | 1.65 | 0.62 | 0.206 | 0.642 | 0.841 |
Massilia niabensis | 1.51 | 1.60 | 1.49 | 1.23 | 0.56 | 0.679 | 0.858 | 0.715 |
Acinetobacter radioresistens | 2.43 | 1.49 | 0.94 | 0.72 | 0.75 | 0.139 | 0.441 | 0.631 |
Prevotella stercorea | 0.70 | 1.95 | 0.89 | 2.03 | 0.58 | 0.813 | 0.047 | 0.921 |
Streptococcus hyointestinalis | 0.90 | 2.04 | 0.51 | 1.52 | 0.96 | 0.597 | 0.217 | 0.938 |
Mitsuokella jalaludinii | 0.95 | 1.02 | 1.25 | 1.57 | 0.52 | 0.414 | 0.713 | 0.808 |
Ruminococcus gauvreauii | 2.22 | 0.29 | 1.88 | 0.38 | 1.42 | 0.917 | 0.161 | 0.859 |
Helicobacter equorum | 0.08 | 0.00 | 2.94 | 1.65 | 1.66 | 0.182 | 0.681 | 0.718 |
Staphylococcus sciuri | 0.00 | 0.67 | 3.52 | 0.22 | 1.79 | 0.396 | 0.465 | 0.273 |
Turicibacter sanguinis | 0.59 | 1.18 | 0.26 | 2.37 | 0.71 | 0.544 | 0.064 | 0.286 |
Stenotrophomonas rhizophila | 0.24 | 0.24 | 0.10 | 3.73 | 1.77 | 0.349 | 0.311 | 0.312 |
Helicobacter mastomyrinus | 2.22 | 0.41 | 1.25 | 0.41 | 1.04 | 0.642 | 0.207 | 0.643 |
Mitsuokella multacida | 0.99 | 0.83 | 0.96 | 1.28 | 0.55 | 0.696 | 0.875 | 0.659 |
Leclercia adecarboxylata | 1.65 | 0.73 | 0.48 | 0.64 | 0.40 | 0.064 | 0.257 | 0.106 |
Prevotella sp. | 0.49 | 0.54 | 1.17 | 1.17 | 0.54 | 0.160 | 0.965 | 0.958 |
Helicobacter rappini | 1.61 | 0.39 | 0.90 | 0.39 | 0.82 | 0.665 | 0.296 | 0.659 |
Bacillus coagulans | 1.35 | 0.81 | 0.18 | 0.51 | 0.68 | 0.285 | 0.875 | 0.529 |
Clostridium sp. | 0.21 | 0.41 | 0.19 | 1.74 | 0.48 | 0.182 | 0.075 | 0.164 |
Eubacterium multiforme | 0.40 | 0.22 | 0.79 | 1.10 | 0.45 | 0.170 | 0.891 | 0.593 |
Roseburia faecis | 0.46 | 0.70 | 0.65 | 0.68 | 0.34 | 0.806 | 0.684 | 0.749 |
Trabulsiella odontotermitis | 1.11 | 0.53 | 0.33 | 0.40 | 0.28 | 0.067 | 0.292 | 0.190 |
Clostridium hiranonis | 0.18 | 0.13 | 0.85 | 1.11 | 0.56 | 0.118 | 0.839 | 0.771 |
Eubacterium biforme | 0.34 | 1.37 | 0.18 | 0.30 | 0.40 | 0.124 | 0.148 | 0.255 |
Anoxybacillus kestanbolensis | 0.06 | 0.97 | 1.06 | 0.08 | 0.48 | 0.913 | 0.945 | 0.056 |
Lactobacillus johnsonii | 0.52 | 0.96 | 0.38 | 0.17 | 0.32 | 0.324 | 0.324 | 0.324 |
Experiment | 1 | 2 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Treatments | MT- YC 0% | MT- YC 0.2% | MT+ YC 0% | MT+ YC 0.2% | MT- YC 0% | MT- YC 0.2% | MT+ YC 0% | MT+ YC 0.2% |
Factor | ||||||||
Mycotoxin (MT) | - | - | + | + | - | - | + | + |
YCWE1 (YC) | - | + | - | + | - | + | - | + |
Pigs | ||||||||
Per treatment | 30 | 30 | 30 | 30 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 12 |
Per pen | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Period, d | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 48 | 48 | 48 | 48 |
Feedstuff | ||||||||
Ground yellow corn | ||||||||
Aflatoxins, mg/kg | ND | ND | 2.8 | 2.8 | ND | ND | 2.8 | 2.8 |
Fumonisins, mg/kg | ND | ND | 170.2 | 170.2 | ND | ND | 170.2 | 170.2 |
Zearalenone, mg/kg | ND | ND | 1.1 | 1.1 | ND | ND | 1.1 | 1.1 |
Wheat, soft red | ||||||||
Deoxynivalenol, mg/kg | - | - | - | - | ND | ND | 7.3 | 7.3 |
Zearalenone, mg/kg | - | - | - | - | ND | ND | 1.8 | 1.8 |
Diet2 | ||||||||
YCWE, % | - | 0.2 | - | 0.2 | - | 0.2 | - | 0.2 |
Aflatoxin B1, μg/kg | - | - | 180 | 180 | - | - | 180 | 180 |
Fumonisin B1, mg/kg | - | - | 14 | 14 | - | - | 9 | 9 |
Deoxynivalenol, mg/kg | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | 1 |
Item | Basal Diet |
---|---|
Ingredients, % | |
Ground yellow corn | 75.60 |
Soybean meal, dehulled | 21.00 |
L-Lys HCl | 0.18 |
Poultry fat | 1.00 |
Salt | 0.22 |
Vitamin premix2 | 0.03 |
Trace mineral premix3 | 0.15 |
Dicalcium P | 1.12 |
Ground limestone | 0.70 |
Calculated composition | |
Dry matter, % | 89.06 |
Metabolizable energy, Mcal/kg | 3.35 |
Crude protein, % | 16.49 |
Standardized ileal digestible Lys, % | 0.85 |
Ca, % | 0.60 |
Available P, % | 0.27 |
Item | Phase 1 | Phase 2 |
---|---|---|
Ingredient, % | ||
Ground yellow corn | 37.5 | 48.82 |
Soybean meal, dehulled | 22.0 | 27.0 |
Wheat, soft red | 15.0 | 15.0 |
Whey permeate | 12.0 | 2.0 |
Poultry meal | 5.0 | 3.0 |
Blood plasma | 3.3 | -- |
L-Lys HCl | 0.45 | 0.41 |
DL-Met | 0.17 | 0.12 |
L-Thr | 0.13 | 0.12 |
Salt | 0.22 | 0.22 |
Vitamin and mineral premix2 | 0.18 | 0.18 |
Dicalcium P | 0.45 | 0.79 |
Ground limestone | 1.10 | 0.84 |
Poultry fat | 2.5 | 1.50 |
Calculated composition: | ||
Metabolizable energy, Mcal/kg | 3.4 | 3.4 |
Crude protein, % | 22.09 | 21.12 |
Standardized ileal digestible Lys, % | 1.35 | 1.23 |
Standardized ileal digestible Met + Cys | 0.75 | 0.68 |
Standardized ileal digestible Thr, % | 0.79 | 0.73 |
Standardized ileal digestible Trp, % | 0.23 | 0.22 |
Standardized total tract digestible P, % | 0.40 | 0.33 |
Mycotoxin | Corn | Wheat |
---|---|---|
Aflatoxin B1, mg/kg | 2.5 | ND |
Aflatoxin B2, mg/kg | 0.1 | ND |
Aflatoxin G1, mg/kg | 0.2 | ND |
Deoxynivalenol (DON), mg/kg | ND | 5.5 |
DON-3-glucoside, mg/kg | ND | 0.9 |
15-acetyl-DON, mg/kg | ND | 0.5 |
3-acetyl- DON, mg/kg | ND | 0.3 |
Fumonisin B1, mg/kg | 142.9 | 0.1 |
Fumonisin B2, mg/kg | 13.9 | ND |
Fumonisin B3, mg/kg | 13.4 | ND |
Fusarenon X, mg/kg | ND | ND |
Gliotoxin, mg/kg | ND | ND |
Neosolaniol, mg/kg | ND | ND |
Nivalenol, mg/kg | 0.2 | ND |
Ochratoxin A, mg/kg | 0.1 | ND |
Ochratoxin B, mg/kg | ND | ND |
Zearalenone, mg/kg | 1.1 | 1.8 |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Kim, S.W.; Holanda, D.M.; Gao, X.; Park, I.; Yiannikouris, A. Efficacy of a Yeast Cell Wall Extract to Mitigate the Effect of Naturally Co-Occurring Mycotoxins Contaminating Feed Ingredients Fed to Young Pigs: Impact on Gut Health, Microbiome, and Growth. Toxins 2019, 11, 633. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11110633
Kim SW, Holanda DM, Gao X, Park I, Yiannikouris A. Efficacy of a Yeast Cell Wall Extract to Mitigate the Effect of Naturally Co-Occurring Mycotoxins Contaminating Feed Ingredients Fed to Young Pigs: Impact on Gut Health, Microbiome, and Growth. Toxins. 2019; 11(11):633. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11110633
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Sung Woo, Débora Muratori Holanda, Xin Gao, Inkyung Park, and Alexandros Yiannikouris. 2019. "Efficacy of a Yeast Cell Wall Extract to Mitigate the Effect of Naturally Co-Occurring Mycotoxins Contaminating Feed Ingredients Fed to Young Pigs: Impact on Gut Health, Microbiome, and Growth" Toxins 11, no. 11: 633. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11110633