Toxin Profiles of Okadaic Acid Analogues and Other Lipophilic Toxins in Dinophysis from Japanese Coastal Waters
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Dinophysis acuminata
2.2. Dinophysis fortii
2.3. Other Dinophysis Species
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Chemicals
4.2. Sampling Locations and Dinophysis Sample Preparation
4.3. Extraction
4.4. LC/MS/MS and LC/MS Analysis
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Species | pg/cell | Location | Analysis Method | Reference | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OA | DTX1 | DTX2 | PTX2 | ||||
Dinophysis acuminata | 1.6 | - | - | - | Le Havre, France | HPLC-FLD | [19] |
Trace | - | - | - | Tokyo Bay, Japan | HPLC-FLD | [19] | |
9.1 | - | - | - | Gullmar, Sweden | HPLC-FLD | [20] | |
9.9–21.7 | - | - | - | Galicia, Spain | HPLC-FLD | [21] | |
- | - | - | 180.0 | Bahia Inglesa, Chile | LC/MS/MS | [22] | |
- | 0.3–0.7 | - | 10.7–22.4 | Abashiri, Japan | LC/MS/MS | [23] | |
- | ND–0.7 | - | 25.9–50.2 | Yakumo, Japan | LC/MS/MS | [23] | |
ND–0.8 | - | - | 0.9–8.7 | Flødevigen Bay, Noway | LC/MS/MS | [24] | |
3.7 | - | - | - | Bueu, Spain | LC/MS/MS | [25] | |
Dinophysis fortii | - | 13.0–191.5 | - | 42.5 | Mutsu Bay, Japan | HPLC-FLD | [19] |
23.0 | - | - | - | Inland Sea, Japan | HPLC-FLD | [19] | |
ND–57.7 | ND–16.0 | - | - | Ofunato, Japan | HPLC-FLD | [26] | |
- | 8.4–10.9 | - | 51.4–63.8 | Yakumo, Japan | LC/MS/MS | [23] | |
Dinophysis acuta | 9.4 | - | - | - | Vigo, Spain | HPLC-FLD | [19] |
4.0 | 4.2 | - | - | Sogndal, Norway | HPLC-FLD | [19] | |
- | 6.6 | - | - | Gullmar, Sweden | HPLC-FLD | [20] | |
58.0 | - | 78.0 | - | Ireland | HPLC-FLD | [27] | |
6.3–33.1 | - | 1.0–22.0 | - | Galicia, Spain | HPLC-FLD | [21] | |
85.0 | - | 77.0 | 14.0 | Glandore, Ireland | LC/MS/MS | [28] | |
- | - | - | 29.1–32.3 | Galicia, Spain | LC/MS/MS | [29] | |
0.7–9.4 | - | 0.9–6.6 | 0.3–3.3 | Pontevedra, Spain | LC/MS | [30] | |
1.0–8.5 | - | - | 0.2–3.3 | Flødevigen Bay, Noway | LC/MS/MS | [24] | |
2.9 | - | 1.9 | 1.5 | Bueu, Spain | LC/MS/MS | [25] | |
Dinophysis caudata | 0.7 | - | - | - | Galicia, Spain | HPLC-FLD | [21] |
7.9–56.5 | ND–53.9 | - | - | Sapian, Phillipines | HPLC-FLD | [31] | |
- | - | - | 100.0–127.4 | Galicia, Spain | LC/MS/MS | [29] | |
0.6 | - | 2.8 | 5.0 | Moana, Spain | LC/MS/MS | [25] | |
- | - | - | 2.0–14.5 | Day Bay, China | LC/MS/MS | [32] | |
Dinophysis infundibulus | - | - | - | 14.8 | Yakumo, Japan | LC/MS/MS | [23] |
Dinophysis miles | 5.7–20.9 | ND–10.7 | - | - | Sapian, Phillipines | HPLC-FLD | [31] |
Dinophysis mitra | - | 10.0 | - | - | Mutsu Bay, Japan | HPLC-FLD | [19] |
- | - | - | - | Yakumo, Japan | LC/MS/MS | [23] | |
Dinophysis norvegica | - | 14.0 | - | - | Sogndal, Norway | HPLC-FLD | [19] |
- | - | - | 50.8–67.4 | Yakumo, Japan | LC/MS/MS | [23] | |
ND–0.2 | - | - | 0.3–1.7 | Flødevigen Bay, Noway | LC/MS/MS | [24] | |
Dinophysis ovum | 7.1 | - | - | - | Vigo, Spain | LC/MS/MS | [33] |
Dinophysis rotundata | ND–0.4 | - | ND–0.5 | ND–0.3 | Bueu, Spain | LC/MS/MS | [34] |
- | 101.0 | - | - | Mutsu Bay, Japan | HPLC-FLD | [19] | |
- | - | - | - | Yakumo, Japan | LC/MS/MS | [23] | |
- | - | - | 0.8 | Flødevigen Bay, Noway | LC/MS/MS | [24] | |
Dinophysis sacculus | 16.5 | - | - | - | Le Croisic, France | HPLC-FLD | [35] |
14.0 | - | - | - | Morgat, France | HPLC-FLD | [35] | |
29.6 | - | - | - | Kervel, France | HPLC-FLD | [35] | |
12.9 | - | - | - | Pont-Aven, France | HPLC-FLD | [35] | |
Dinophysis skagii | - | - | - | - | Bueu, Spain | LC/MS/MS | [25] |
Dinophysis tripos | - | 36.0 | - | - | Kesennuma, Japan | HPLC-FLD | [19] |
- | - | - | - | Yakumo, Japan | LC/MS/MS | [23] |
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Uchida, H.; Watanabe, R.; Matsushima, R.; Oikawa, H.; Nagai, S.; Kamiyama, T.; Baba, K.; Miyazono, A.; Kosaka, Y.; Kaga, S.; et al. Toxin Profiles of Okadaic Acid Analogues and Other Lipophilic Toxins in Dinophysis from Japanese Coastal Waters. Toxins 2018, 10, 457. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins10110457
Uchida H, Watanabe R, Matsushima R, Oikawa H, Nagai S, Kamiyama T, Baba K, Miyazono A, Kosaka Y, Kaga S, et al. Toxin Profiles of Okadaic Acid Analogues and Other Lipophilic Toxins in Dinophysis from Japanese Coastal Waters. Toxins. 2018; 10(11):457. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins10110457
Chicago/Turabian StyleUchida, Hajime, Ryuichi Watanabe, Ryoji Matsushima, Hiroshi Oikawa, Satoshi Nagai, Takashi Kamiyama, Katsuhisa Baba, Akira Miyazono, Yuki Kosaka, Shinnosuke Kaga, and et al. 2018. "Toxin Profiles of Okadaic Acid Analogues and Other Lipophilic Toxins in Dinophysis from Japanese Coastal Waters" Toxins 10, no. 11: 457. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins10110457