Consumption of a High Quantity and a Wide Variety of Vegetables Are Predicted by Different Food Choice Motives in Older Adults from France, Italy and the UK
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Method
2.1. Questionnaire
2.2. Questionnaire Administration
2.3. Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Overall Sample
3.2. French Sample
3.3. Italian Sample
3.4. UK Sample
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | Total (n = 497) | France (n = 187) | Italy (n = 152) | UK (n = 158) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | Male | 160 (32%) | 51 (27%) | 57 (38%) | 52 (33%) |
Female | 337 (68%) | 136 (73%) | 95 (63%) | 106 (67%) | |
Age (years) | 72.1 (6.7) | 69.7 (5.3) | 72.8 (7.0) | 74.2 (7.0) | |
Highest instruction level | No qualifications | 198 (40%) | 78 (42%) | 64 (42%) | 56 (35%) |
School certificate | 147 (30%) | 33 (20%) | 66 (43%) | 43 (27%) | |
College certificate | 91 (18%) | 33 (18%) | 21 (14%) | 37 (23%) | |
University degree | 47 (9%) | 38 (20%) | 1 (1%) | 8 (5%) | |
Professional qualification | 14 (3%) | 0 | 0 | 14 (9%) | |
Current/most recent employment | Unemployed | 61 (12%) | 31 (17%) | 25 (16%) | 5 (3%) |
Manual worker | 62 (13%) | 10 (5%) | 37 (24%) | 15 (10%) | |
Non-manual worker | 237 (48%) | 105 (56%) | 70 (46%) | 62 (39%) | |
Professional/management | 137 (28%) | 41 (22%) | 20 (13%) | 76 (48%) | |
Affluence (0–9) | 4.5 (1.9) | 4.5 (1.8) | 4.0 (1.8) | 5.1 (2.0) |
Characteristic | Total (n = 497) | France (n = 187) | Italy (n = 152) | UK (n = 158) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Quantity of vegetables consumed (portions) | 2.4 (0.7) | 2.3 (0.6) | 2.1 (0.5) | 2.7 (0.8) |
Quantity score (0–1) | 0.4 (0.3) | 0.4 (0.2) | 0.3 (0.2) | 0.6 (0.4) |
Different vegetables consumed regularly (number) | 6.5 (2.9) | 6.6 (2.8) | 6.1 (3.2) | 6.7 (2.6) |
Variety score (0–1) | 0.6 (0.3) | 0.6 (0.2) | 0.6 (0.3) | 0.6 (0.2) |
Quantity x variety score (0–1) | 0.3 (0.2) | 0.24 (0.2) | 0.19 (0.2) | 0.35 (0.3) |
Liking (−4–+4) | 2.5 (1.2) | 2.8 (1.0) | 2.4 (1.2) | 2.4 (1.3) |
FCQ—Mood (1–7) | 4.8 (1.5) | 4.5 (1.5) | 5.7 (1.1) | 4.2 (1.4) |
FCQ—Sensory Appeal (1–7) | 6.1 (1.0) | 6.1 (1.0) | 6.4 (0.8) | 6.0 (1.0) |
FCQ—Natural Content (1–7) | 5.7 (1.3) | 5.7 (1.5) | 6.2 (0.9) | 5.3 (1.3) |
FCQ—Health (1–7) | 6.0 (1.0) | 6.1 (1.0) | 5.9 (0.8) | 5.8 (1.0) |
FCQ—Convenience (1–7) | 5.4 (1.2) | 5.4 (1.2) | 5.6 (1.1) | 5.1 (1.3) |
FCQ—Price (1–7) | 5.3 (1.2) | 5.3 (1.1) | 5.5 (1.2) | 5.0 (1.2) |
FCQ—Weight Control (1–7) | 5.2 (1.4) | 5.3 (1.3) | 5.5 (1.3) | 4.7 (1.6) |
FCQ—Familiarity (1–7) | 5.1 (1.3) | 5.4 (1.1) | 5.7 (0.9) | 4.4 (1.6) |
FCQ—Ethical Concern (1–7) | 4.9 (1.5) | 4.9 (1.5) | 5.6 (1.1) | 4.4 (1.5) |
DEBQ—R score (1–5) | 2.7 (0.9) | 2.9 (0.8) | 2.5 (0.8) | 2.7 (0.9) |
Neophobia score (1–70) | 31.7 (14.3) | 32.7 (12.8) | 28.5 (17.8) | 33.4 (11.5) |
Quantity | Variety | Combined Quantity and Variety | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β | p | β | p | β | p | |
Gender | −0.17 | 0.71 | <0.01 | 0.97 | −0.02 | 0.58 |
Age | 0.16 | <0.01 | −0.07 | 0.13 | 0.11 | 0.02 |
Instruction level | 0.08 | 0.12 | <0.01 | 0.98 | 0.06 | 0.22 |
Employment level | 0.02 | 0.76 | 0.02 | 0.67 | 0.01 | 0.77 |
Affluence score | 0.11 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.66 | 0.10 | 0.06 |
Country | −0.24 | <0.01 | −0.07 | 0.19 | −0.20 | <0.01 |
Liking | 0.16 | <0.01 | 0.40 | <0.01 | 0.27 | <0.01 |
FCQ—Mood | 0.05 | 0.36 | −0.06 | 0.23 | 0.04 | 0.41 |
FCQ—Sensory Appeal | 0.06 | 0.25 | 0.06 | 0.19 | 0.08 | 0.08 |
FCQ—Natural Content | 0.02 | 0.80 | 0.05 | 0.34 | 0.02 | 0.76 |
FCQ—Health | 0.08 | 0.19 | 0.13 | 0.02 | 0.14 | 0.02 |
FCQ—Convenience | −0.02 | 0.80 | 0.06 | 0.30 | −0.01 | 0.89 |
FCQ—Price | 0.01 | 0.83 | −0.04 | 0.47 | −0.01 | 0.90 |
FCQ—Weight Control | −0.11 | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.42 | −0.06 | 0.29 |
FCQ—Familiarity | −0.12 | 0.04 | −0.11 | 0.04 | −0.17 | <0.01 |
FCQ—Ethical Concern | 0.05 | 0.34 | 0.05 | 0.36 | 0.05 | 0.35 |
DEBQ—Restraint | 0.01 | 0.76 | −0.01 | 0.84 | −0.01 | 0.92 |
Neophobia score | −0.03 | 0.53 | −0.05 | 0.23 | −0.03 | 0.48 |
Quantity | Variety | Combined Quantity and Variety | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β | p | β | p | β | p | |
Gender | −0.07 | 0.34 | 0.04 | 0.52 | −0.05 | 0.44 |
Age | 0.30 | <0.01 | −0.18 | <0.01 | 0.10 | 0.19 |
Instruction level | 0.23 | <0.01 | −0.01 | 0.91 | 0.20 | 0.01 |
Employment level | <0.01 | 0.99 | −0.02 | 0.72 | −0.07 | 0.36 |
Affluence score | 0.08 | 0.35 | −0.03 | 0.70 | 0.06 | 0.47 |
Liking | 0.09 | 0.26 | 0.36 | <0.01 | 0.29 | <0.01 |
FCQ—Mood | 0.09 | 0.28 | −0.06 | 0.39 | 0.07 | 0.36 |
FCQ—Sensory Appeal | <0.01 | 0.98 | 0.13 | 0.09 | 0.09 | 0.28 |
FCQ—Natural Content | 0.12 | 0.22 | 0.01 | 0.95 | 0.07 | 0.46 |
FCQ—Health | −0.06 | 0.55 | 0.25 | <0.01 | 0.08 | 0.41 |
FCQ—Convenience | 0.07 | 0.51 | 0.04 | 0.66 | 0.09 | 0.32 |
FCQ—Price | −0.08 | 0.34 | −0.06 | 0.40 | −0.11 | 0.18 |
FCQ—Weight Control | −0.09 | 0.35 | −0.04 | 0.60 | −0.09 | 0.33 |
FCQ—Familiarity | 0.07 | 0.51 | 0.01 | 0.90 | 0.07 | 0.48 |
FCQ—Ethical Concern | 0.10 | 0.23 | 0.06 | 0.39 | 0.08 | 0.34 |
DEBQ—Restraint | 0.09 | 0.28 | 0.03 | 0.67 | 0.07 | 0.34 |
Neophobia score | −0.15 | 0.05 | −0.12 | 0.06 | −0.17 | 0.02 |
Quantity | Variety | Combined Quantity and Variety | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β | p | β | p | β | p | |
Gender | −0.08 | 0.35 | −0.04 | 0.57 | −0.07 | 0.40 |
Age | <0.01 | 0.99 | −0.07 | 0.40 | −0.04 | 0.68 |
Instruction level | 0.17 | 0.09 | 0.16 | 0.06 | 0.19 | 0.03 |
Employment level | 0.11 | 0.29 | −0.10 | 0.26 | 0.05 | 0.62 |
Affluence score | 0.04 | 0.67 | 0.04 | 0.66 | 0.03 | 0.74 |
Liking | 0.36 | <0.01 | 0.48 | <0.01 | 0.51 | <0.01 |
FCQ—Mood | −0.04 | 0.67 | −0.10 | 0.29 | −0.06 | 0.56 |
FCQ—Sensory Appeal | 0.05 | 0.60 | −0.07 | 0.37 | −0.04 | 0.61 |
FCQ—Natural Content | 0.04 | 0.73 | 0.12 | 0.21 | 0.13 | 0.22 |
FCQ—Health | −0.09 | 0.50 | 0.10 | 0.40 | 0.06 | 0.62 |
FCQ—Convenience | - | - | - | - | - | - |
FCQ—Price/Convenience | −0.09 | 0.41 | 0.22 | 0.03 | 0.07 | 0.52 |
FCQ—Weight Control | −0.11 | 0.41 | −0.11 | 0.34 | −0.19 | 0.13 |
FCQ—Familiarity | −0.05 | 0.63 | −0.10 | 0.24 | −0.09 | 0.28 |
FCQ—Ethical Concern | 0.01 | 0.92 | −0.05 | 0.64 | −0.07 | 0.50 |
DEBQ—Restraint | 0.11 | 0.22 | −0.02 | 0.77 | 0.04 | 0.66 |
Neophobia score | 0.04 | 0.61 | −0.01 | 0.88 | 0.08 | 0.33 |
Quantity | Variety | Combined Quantity and Variety | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β | p | β | p | β | p | |
Gender | 0.01 | 0.92 | −0.04 | 0.65 | −0.02 | 0.79 |
Age | 0.19 | 0.04 | 0.12 | 0.16 | 0.18 | 0.04 |
Instruction level | 0.02 | 0.84 | −0.07 | 0.43 | −0.01 | 0.89 |
Employment level | −0.04 | 0.64 | 0.01 | 0.90 | −0.02 | 0.79 |
Affluence score | 0.12 | 0.19 | 0.07 | 0.41 | 0.11 | 0.24 |
Liking | 0.13 | 0.15 | 0.31 | <0.01 | 0.19 | 0.03 |
FCQ—Mood | 0.05 | 0.60 | 0.03 | 0.73 | 0.07 | 0.48 |
FCQ—Sensory Appeal | 0.07 | 0.49 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.10 | 0.30 |
FCQ—Natural Content | −0.09 | 0.40 | −0.02 | 0.88 | −0.10 | 0.34 |
FCQ—Health | 0.24 | 0.05 | 0.14 | 0.24 | 0.28 | 0.02 |
FCQ—Convenience | −0.18 | 0.20 | −0.17 | 0.18 | −0.21 | 0.11 |
FCQ—Price | 0.04 | 0.72 | −0.09 | 0.36 | 0.03 | 0.76 |
FCQ—Weight Control | −0.09 | 0.38 | 0.19 | 0.05 | −0.02 | 0.84 |
FCQ—Familiarity | −0.11 | 0.36 | −0.20 | 0.09 | −0.19 | 0.12 |
FCQ—Ethical Concern | 0.02 | 0.77 | 0.01 | 0.96 | 0.04 | 0.66 |
DEBQ—Restraint | −0.02 | 0.87 | 0.02 | 0.80 | −0.01 | 0.95 |
Neophobia score | 0.01 | 0.96 | 0.15 | 0.11 | 0.05 | 0.63 |
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Appleton, K.M.; Dinnella, C.; Spinelli, S.; Morizet, D.; Saulais, L.; Hemingway, A.; Monteleone, E.; Depezay, L.; Perez-Cueto, F.J.A.; Hartwell, H. Consumption of a High Quantity and a Wide Variety of Vegetables Are Predicted by Different Food Choice Motives in Older Adults from France, Italy and the UK. Nutrients 2017, 9, 923. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9090923
Appleton KM, Dinnella C, Spinelli S, Morizet D, Saulais L, Hemingway A, Monteleone E, Depezay L, Perez-Cueto FJA, Hartwell H. Consumption of a High Quantity and a Wide Variety of Vegetables Are Predicted by Different Food Choice Motives in Older Adults from France, Italy and the UK. Nutrients. 2017; 9(9):923. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9090923
Chicago/Turabian StyleAppleton, Katherine M., Caterina Dinnella, Sara Spinelli, David Morizet, Laure Saulais, Ann Hemingway, Erminio Monteleone, Laurence Depezay, Federico J. A. Perez-Cueto, and Heather Hartwell. 2017. "Consumption of a High Quantity and a Wide Variety of Vegetables Are Predicted by Different Food Choice Motives in Older Adults from France, Italy and the UK" Nutrients 9, no. 9: 923. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9090923
APA StyleAppleton, K. M., Dinnella, C., Spinelli, S., Morizet, D., Saulais, L., Hemingway, A., Monteleone, E., Depezay, L., Perez-Cueto, F. J. A., & Hartwell, H. (2017). Consumption of a High Quantity and a Wide Variety of Vegetables Are Predicted by Different Food Choice Motives in Older Adults from France, Italy and the UK. Nutrients, 9(9), 923. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9090923