Urinary Sodium and Potassium Excretion and Dietary Sources of Sodium in Maputo, Mozambique
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. 24-h Urine Collection
2.2. Dietary Intake
2.3. Anthropometric Measures
2.4. Statistical Analysis
2.5. Ethics
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total (n = 82) | Women (n = 39) | Men (n = 43) | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years), mean (SD) | 39.9 (9.6) | 41.8 (10.5) | 38.1 (8.5) | 0.082 |
Education level, n (%) | ||||
Primary school not completed | 17 (20.7) | 11 (28.2) | 6 (14.0) | 0.331 |
Primary school completed | 43 (52.4) | 18 (46.2) | 25 (58.1) | |
Secondary school completed | 18 (22.0) | 9 (23.1) | 9 (20.9) | |
Post-secondary school | 4 (4.9) | 1 (2.6) | 3 (7.0) | |
BMI (kg/m2) , mean (SD) | 26.7 (5.8) | 29.6 (6.4) | 24.1 (3.7) | <0.001 |
BMI categories, n (%) | ||||
Thinness | 1 (1.2) | 0 | 1 (2.3) | 0.001 |
Normal weight | 39 (47.6) | 13 (33.3) | 26 (60.5) | |
Overweight | 25 (30.5) | 11 (28.2) | 14 (32.6) | |
Obesity | 17 (20.7) | 15 (38.5) | 2 (4.7) | |
Waist circumference (cm), mean (SD) | 89.2 (14.7) | 93.8 (14.7) | 85.0 (13.5) | 0.007 |
Abdominal obesity, n (%) | 27 (32.9) | 24 (61.5) | 3 (7.0) | <0.001 |
Dietary Intake (g/Day) * | n † | Total | n † | Women | n † | Men | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cereal and cereal products | 82 | 360 (63,1507) | 39 | 322 (103, 1081) | 43 | 407 (63, 1507) | 0.072 |
Wheat Bread | 66 | 200 (60, 700) | 31 | 150 (60, 600) | 35 | 300 (100, 700) | 0.018 |
Rice | 69 | 107 (27, 320) | 33 | 107 (27, 320) | 36 | 107 (27, 320) | 0.804 |
Beans | 26 | 94 (31, 250) | 10 | 94 (31, 172) | 16 | 94 (47, 250) | 0.336 |
Meat products | 51 | 125 (16, 500) | 23 | 125 (16, 500) | 28 | 89 (40, 375) | 0.161 |
Fish and seafood dishes | 38 | 94 (25, 375) | 17 | 94 (63, 172) | 21 | 94 (25, 375) | 0.728 |
Eggs | 23 | 55 (28, 110) | 14 | 55 (28, 55) | 9 | 55 (55, 110) | 0.369 |
Milk and milk products | 21 | 44 (8, 430) | 6 | 47 (22, 430) | 15 | 44 (8, 300) | 0.622 |
Vegetables | 77 | 94 (10, 361) | 36 | 84 (13, 361) | 41 | 102 (10, 294) | 0.709 |
Fruits | 49 | 188 (34, 1016) | 25 | 188 (47, 1016) | 24 | 188 (34, 958) | 0.763 |
Oils and fats | 79 | 9 (1, 105) | 36 | 9 (1, 27) | 43 | 9 (1, 105) | 0.694 |
Sugars, preserves and confectionery | 72 | 54 (1, 1837) | 37 | 166 (1, 784) | 35 | 21 (4, 1837) | 0.016 |
Other foods | 58 | 101 (9, 318) | 27 | 101 (31, 203) | 31 | 101 (9, 318) | 0.656 |
Peanut | 39 | 94 (34, 203) | 19 | 94 (34, 205) | 20 | 96 (45, 169) | 0.857 |
Total | Women | Men | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sodium (mg/day), mean (SD) | 4220 (1830) | 4538 (2033) | 3931 (1593) | 0.135 |
Salt (g/day), mean (SD) | 10.6 (4.6) | 11.3 (5.1) | 9.8 (4.0) | 0.135 |
Compliance with recommendations, n (%) * | 7 (8.5) | 2 (5.1) | 5 (11.6) | 0.455 |
Potassium (mg/day), mean (SD) | 1909 (778) | 1841 (780) | 1970 (779) | 0.537 |
Compliance with recommendations, n (%) † | 3 (3.7) | 1 (2.6) | 2 (4.7) | 0.537 |
Ratio Na/K, mean (SD) ¥ | 4.2 (2.4) | 4.7 (2.6) | 3.7 (2.1) | 0.061 |
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Queiroz, A.; Damasceno, A.; Jessen, N.; Novela, C.; Moreira, P.; Lunet, N.; Padrão, P. Urinary Sodium and Potassium Excretion and Dietary Sources of Sodium in Maputo, Mozambique. Nutrients 2017, 9, 830. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9080830
Queiroz A, Damasceno A, Jessen N, Novela C, Moreira P, Lunet N, Padrão P. Urinary Sodium and Potassium Excretion and Dietary Sources of Sodium in Maputo, Mozambique. Nutrients. 2017; 9(8):830. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9080830
Chicago/Turabian StyleQueiroz, Ana, Albertino Damasceno, Neusa Jessen, Célia Novela, Pedro Moreira, Nuno Lunet, and Patrícia Padrão. 2017. "Urinary Sodium and Potassium Excretion and Dietary Sources of Sodium in Maputo, Mozambique" Nutrients 9, no. 8: 830. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9080830