The Association of Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations and Elevated Glycated Hemoglobin Values: A Longitudinal Study of Non-Diabetic Participants of a Preventive Health Program
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. HbA1c Values
2.3. Serum 25(OH)D Concentrations
2.4. Other Covariates
2.5. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Baseline | Last Follow-Up | p-value § | |
---|---|---|---|
Serum 25(OH)D, nmol/L | |||
Mean (SD) | 90.8 (41.5) | 121.3 (46.5) | |
Median (IQR) | 84.0 (63.3–110.0) | 115.0 (88.6–147.0) | <0.01 |
HbA1c value, % | |||
Mean (SD) | 5.6 (0.3) | 5.5 (0.3) | <0.01 |
Median (IQR) | 5.6 (5.4–5.8) | 5.4 (5.2–5.7) | <0.01 |
Elevated HbA1c value, % | |||
Increasing diabetes risk (≥5.8%) | 1937 (29.5) | 1145 (17.4) | <0.01 |
Low diabetes risk (<5.8%) | 4628 (70.5) | 5420 (82.6) | |
Age, mean (SD) | 50.6 (15.0) | 52.1 (14.9) | <0.01 |
Gender (%) | - | ||
Female | 3510 (53.5) | 3510 (53.5) | |
Male | 3055 (46.5) | 3055 (46.5) | |
Body weight status, % | 0.79 | ||
Underweight | 77 (1.2) | 75 (1.2) | |
Normal weight | 2295 (35.4) | 2290 (35.3) | |
Overweight | 2467 (38.0) | 2437 (37.6) | |
Obese | 1647 (25.4) | 1684 (26.0) | |
Missing | 79 | 79 | |
Blood pressure, % † | <0.01 | ||
Normal | 5660 (90.5) | 5291 (91.6) | |
Elevated | 596 (9.5) | 486 (8.4) | |
Missing | 309 | 788 | |
Serum LDL-cholesterol, % ‡ | <0.01 | ||
Normal | 2222 (35.3) | 2022 (31.5) | |
Elevated | 4077 (64.7) | 4389 (68.5) | |
Missing | 266 | 154 | |
Smoking status, % | 0.02 | ||
Never smoker | 2726 (56.2) | 1983 (57.1) | |
Past smoker | 1477 (30.4) | 1019 (29.3) | |
Current smoker | 649 (13.4) | 472 (13.6) | |
Missing | 1713 | 3091 | |
Alcohol consumption status, % | <0.01 | ||
Non-drinker | 2069 (44.4) | 2136 (46.9) | |
Drinker | 2588 (55.6) | 2414 (53.1) | |
Missing | 1908 | 2015 | |
Physical activity level, % | <0.01 | ||
Low | 1930 (39.6) | 1748 (36.3) | |
Moderate | 1504 (30.8) | 1510 (31.4) | |
High | 1441 (29.6) | 1556 (32.3) | |
Missing | 1690 | 1751 | |
Use of vitamin D-containing supplements, % | <0.01 | ||
Yes | 3436 (58.1) | 4901 (90.4) | |
No | 2474 (41.9) | 519 (9.6) | |
Missing | 655 | 1145 | |
Vitamin D intake from supplements among users, IU/day | |||
Mean (SD) | 3866.7 (3628.6) | 7256.8 (3543.4) | |
Median (IQR) | 3000 (2000–5000) | 7000 (5000–10,000) | <0.01 |
# of Participants | Univariable OR (95% CI) | p-value | Multivariable § OR (95% CI) | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Serum 25(OHD) at baseline, nmol/L | |||||
<50 | 780 | reference | reference | ||
50–<75 | 1784 | 0.81 (0.66, 0.99) | 0.04 | 0.84 (0.66, 1.07) | 0.17 |
75–<100 | 1824 | 0.68 (0.55, 0.83) | <0.01 | 0.80 (0.63, 1.03) | 0.09 |
100–<125 | 1140 | 0.50 (0.39, 0.63) | <0.01 | 0.57 (0.43, 0.76) | <0.01 |
≥125 | 1037 | 0.43 (0.34, 0.56) | <0.01 | 0.51 (0.37, 0.71) | <0.01 |
Change in serum 25(OH)D, nmol/L | |||||
No improvement | 1523 | reference | reference | ||
Increase of <25 | 1601 | 1.19 (0.98, 1.44) | 0.07 | 0.90 (0.71, 1.13) | 0.36 |
Increase of 25–<50 | 1468 | 1.25 (1.03, 1.51) | 0.02 | 0.84 (0.66, 1.07) | 0.15 |
Increase of 50–<75 | 974 | 1.16 (0.94, 1.44) | 0.17 | 0.74 (0.56, 0.97) | 0.03 |
Increase of ≥75 | 999 | 1.14 (0.92, 1.41) | 0.24 | 0.74 (0.57, 0.97) | 0.03 |
Serum HbA1c ≥5.8% at baseline | |||||
No | 4628 | reference | reference | ||
Yes | 1937 | 11.04 (9.53, 12.79) | <0.01 | 10.72 (9.09, 12.63) | <0.01 |
Serum LDL-cholesterol at baseline † | |||||
Normal | 2222 | reference | reference | ||
Elevated | 4077 | 1.40 (1.22, 1.62) | <0.01 | 1.20 (1.01, 1.41) | 0.03 |
Age at baseline (per 10 years) | 6565 | 1.31 (1.25, 1.37) | <0.01 | 1.18 (1.11, 1.26) | <0.01 |
Gender | |||||
Female | 3510 | reference | reference | ||
Male | 3055 | 1.46 (1.28, 1.66) | <0.01 | 1.51 (1.29, 1.77) | <0.01 |
Body weight status at baseline | |||||
Underweight/normal weight | 2372 | reference | reference | ||
Overweight | 2467 | 1.75 (1.48, 2.08) | <0.01 | 1.40 (1.15, 1.70) | <0.01 |
Obese | 1647 | 1.56 (3.00, 4.22) | <0.01 | 2.15 (1.76, 2.63) | <0.01 |
Blood pressure status at baseline ‡ | |||||
Normal | 5657 | reference | reference | ||
Elevated | 849 | 1.96 (1.65, 2.31) | <0.01 | 1.27 (1.04, 1.55) | 0.02 |
Smoking status at baseline | |||||
Never smoker | 2726 | reference | reference | ||
Past smoker | 1477 | 1.08 (0.91, 1.28) | 0.39 | 0.97 (0.79, 1.18) | 0.75 |
Current smoker | 649 | 1.15 (0.92, 1.45) | 0.22 | 1.16 (0.89, 1.53) | 0.28 |
Alcohol consumption status at baseline | |||||
Non-drinker | 2069 | reference | reference | ||
Drinker | 2588 | 0.74 (0.63, 0.87) | <0.01 | 0.84 (0.69, 1.01) | 0.06 |
Physical activity level at baseline | |||||
Low | 1930 | reference | reference | ||
Moderate | 1504 | 0.77 (0.64, 0.92) | <0.01 | 0.99 (0.80, 1.21) | 0.90 |
High | 1441 | 0.51 (0.42, 0.62) | <0.01 | 0.84 (0.67, 1.07) | 0.16 |
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Share and Cite
Munasinghe, L.L.; Mastroeni, M.F.; Mastroeni, S.S.B.S.; Loehr, S.A.; Ekwaru, J.P.; Veugelers, P.J. The Association of Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations and Elevated Glycated Hemoglobin Values: A Longitudinal Study of Non-Diabetic Participants of a Preventive Health Program. Nutrients 2017, 9, 640. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9070640
Munasinghe LL, Mastroeni MF, Mastroeni SSBS, Loehr SA, Ekwaru JP, Veugelers PJ. The Association of Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations and Elevated Glycated Hemoglobin Values: A Longitudinal Study of Non-Diabetic Participants of a Preventive Health Program. Nutrients. 2017; 9(7):640. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9070640
Chicago/Turabian StyleMunasinghe, Lalani L., Marco F. Mastroeni, Silmara S. B. S. Mastroeni, Sarah A. Loehr, John Paul Ekwaru, and Paul J. Veugelers. 2017. "The Association of Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations and Elevated Glycated Hemoglobin Values: A Longitudinal Study of Non-Diabetic Participants of a Preventive Health Program" Nutrients 9, no. 7: 640. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9070640