Is Erythrocyte Protoporphyrin a Better Single Screening Test for Iron Deficiency Compared to Hemoglobin or Mean Cell Volume in Children and Women?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ID | iron deficiency |
Hb | hemoglobin |
EP | erythrocyte protoporphyrin |
MCV | mean cell volume |
TS | transferrin saturation |
SF | serum ferritin |
sTfR | serum transferrin receptor |
ZnPP | zinc protoporphyrin |
TBI | total body iron |
CRP | C-reactive protein |
NHANES | National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys |
ROC | receiver operating characteristic |
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Children (n = 853) | Non-Pregnant Women (n = 3104) | Pregnant Women (n = 1141) | |
---|---|---|---|
% of female | 48.8 | 100 | 100 |
Age (years) 2 | 4.0 ± 0.8 | 28.4 ± 11.1 | 26.3 ± 5.7 |
% of Non-Hispanic white | 27.6 | 39.0 | 44.0 |
% of Non-Hispanic black | 31.0 | 28.3 | 15.6 |
% of Mexican-American | 29.1 | 24.4 | 29.7 |
Others | 12.3 | 8.3 | 10.7 |
EP (μmol/L) 2 | 0.91 ± 0.36 | 1.13 ± 0.72 | 1.26 ± 0.62 |
Hb (g/dL) 2 | 12.77 ± 0.80 | 13.40 ± 1.17 | 12.36 ± 1.04 |
MCV (fL) 2 | 82.05 ± 4.34 | 88.09 ± 5.98 | 89.40 ± 5.42 |
SF (μg/L) 2 | 29.70 ± 1.72 | 34.26 ± 2.51 | 19.58 ± 2.54 |
sTfR (mg/L) 2 | 4.21 ± 1.24 | 3.62 ± 1.41 | 3.35 ± 1.42 |
TBI (mg/kg) 2 | 3.91 ± 2.22 | 4.92 ± 4.04 | 3.17 ± 4.10 |
Lead (μg/dL) | 2.01 ± 1.41 | 1.10 ± 0.86 | 0.94 ± 0.75 |
CRP (mg/L) 2 | 0.04 ± 4.06 | 0.15 ± 4.42 | 0.48 ± 2.74 |
% anemia 3 | 1.4 | 9.1 | 5.6 |
% TBI < 0 mg/kg | 3.9 | 12.1 | 21.6 |
Children (n = 853) 2 | Non-Pregnant Women (n = 3104) 2 | Pregnant Women (n = 1141) 2 | |
---|---|---|---|
Total sample | |||
EP | 0.799 ± 0.046 a | 0.864 ± 0.010 a | 0.766 ± 0.016 a |
Hb | 0.624 ± 0.050 b | 0.843 ± 0.011 a | 0.740 ± 0.017 a |
MCV | 0.728 ± 0.050 a | 0.802 ± 0.013 b | 0.700 ± 0.020 b |
Male | |||
EP | 0.787 ± 0.066 c | - | - |
Hb | 0.635 ± 0.067 d | - | - |
MCV | 0.768 ± 0.067 c | - | - |
Female | |||
EP | 0.825 ± 0.054 a | 0.864 ± 0.010 a | 0.766 ± 0.016 a |
Hb | 0.607 ± 0.076 b | 0.843 ± 0.011 a | 0.740 ± 0.017 a |
MCV | 0.669 ± 0.067 b | 0.802 ± 0.013 b | 0.700 ± 0.020 b |
Non-Hispanic white | |||
EP | 0.806 ± 0.069 c | 0.878 ± 0.019 a | 0.778 ± 0.028 a |
Hb | 0.599 ± 0.115 d | 0.878 ± 0.018 a | 0.783 ± 0.027 a |
MCV | 0.730 ± 0.090 c | 0.836 ± 0.022 a | 0.726 ± 0.033 a |
Non-Hispanic black | |||
EP | 0.665 ± 0.127 a | 0.882 ± 0.018 a | 0.828 ± 0.034 a |
Hb | 0.495 ± 0.106 a | 0.843 ± 0.019 a | 0.667 ± 0.042 b |
MCV | 0.575 ± 0.117 a | 0.761 ± 0.025 b | 0.653 ± 0.049 b |
Mexican American | |||
EP | 0.821 ± 0.066 c | 0.829 ± 0.020 a | 0.744 ± 0.030 a |
Hb | 0.677 ± 0.071 d | 0.830 ± 0.021 a | 0.753 ± 0.029 a |
MCV | 0.781 ± 0.082 c | 0.815 ± 0.022 a | 0.688 ± 0.034 a |
1st trimester | |||
EP | - | - | 0.873 ± 0.053 c |
Hb | - | - | 0.764 ± 0.066 c |
MCV | - | - | 0.730 ± 0.080 d |
2nd trimester | |||
EP | - | - | 0.744 ± 0.032 a |
Hb | - | - | 0.746 ± 0.031 a |
MCV | - | - | 0.720 ± 0.036 a |
3rd trimester | |||
EP | - | - | 0.715 ± 0.028 a |
Hb | - | - | 0.722 ± 0.027 a |
MCV | - | - | 0.742 ± 0.027 a |
Children (n = 762) 2 | Non-Pregnant Women (n = 2746) 2 | Pregnant Women (n = 684) 2 | |
---|---|---|---|
EP | 0.785 ± 0.049 a | 0.864 ± 0.011 a | 0.771 ± 0.022 a |
Hb | 0.596 ± 0.054 b | 0.841 ± 0.011 a | 0.743 ± 0.022 a |
MCV | 0.703 ± 0.052 a | 0.802 ± 0.014 b | 0.698 ± 0.026 b |
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Mei, Z.; Flores-Ayala, R.C.; Grummer-Strawn, L.M.; Brittenham, G.M. Is Erythrocyte Protoporphyrin a Better Single Screening Test for Iron Deficiency Compared to Hemoglobin or Mean Cell Volume in Children and Women? Nutrients 2017, 9, 557. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9060557
Mei Z, Flores-Ayala RC, Grummer-Strawn LM, Brittenham GM. Is Erythrocyte Protoporphyrin a Better Single Screening Test for Iron Deficiency Compared to Hemoglobin or Mean Cell Volume in Children and Women? Nutrients. 2017; 9(6):557. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9060557
Chicago/Turabian StyleMei, Zuguo, Rafael C. Flores-Ayala, Laurence M. Grummer-Strawn, and Gary M. Brittenham. 2017. "Is Erythrocyte Protoporphyrin a Better Single Screening Test for Iron Deficiency Compared to Hemoglobin or Mean Cell Volume in Children and Women?" Nutrients 9, no. 6: 557. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9060557
APA StyleMei, Z., Flores-Ayala, R. C., Grummer-Strawn, L. M., & Brittenham, G. M. (2017). Is Erythrocyte Protoporphyrin a Better Single Screening Test for Iron Deficiency Compared to Hemoglobin or Mean Cell Volume in Children and Women? Nutrients, 9(6), 557. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9060557