Beverage Consumption among U.S. Children Aged 0–24 Months: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Measures
2.3. Dietary Intake
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Beverage Category | Per Capita Mean Intake ± SE (g/Day) | Per Consumer Mean Intake ± SE (g/Day) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0–5.9 Months | 6.0–11.9 Months | 12.0–23.9 Months | p-Value 1 | 0–5.9 Months | 6.0–11.9 Months | 12.0–23.9 Months | p-Value 1 | |
Milk 2 | 0 0 | 46 ± 8 | 472 ± 14.4 | <0.001 | 7.6 †† | 426 ± 41 | 565 ± 14 | <0.001 |
Milk, whole 2 | 0 ± 0 | 35 ± 7 | 363 ± 12.7 | <0.001 | 7.6 †† | 460 ± 48 | 572 ± 15 | 0.03 |
Milk, reduced, low or non-fat 3 | 0 | 11 ± 4 | 109 ± 9.1 | <0.001 | n/a | 325 ± 76 | 446 ± 26 | 0.14 3 |
Flavoured milk 3 | 0 | 1 ± 0.3 † | 20 ± 4.8 | <0.001 | n/a | 95 ± 29 † | 363 ± 59 | <0.001 |
Dairy drinks & substitutes 3 | 0 | 4 ± 2 † | 21 ± 4.8 | 0.03 | n/a | 234 ± 105 †,c | 542 ± 79 | 0.04 |
100% fruit juice | 6 ± 1 a,b | 53 ± 4 c | 158 ± 10.0 | <0.001 | 99 ± 12 a,b | 138 ± 7 c | 278 ± 13 | <0.001 |
Diet beverages 3 | 0 | 0.7 ± 0.4 † | 6 ± 1.3 | <0.001 | n/a | 22 ± 17 † | 183 ± 24 | <0.001 |
Sweetened beverages | 2 ± 1 †,a,b | 10 ± 2 †,c | 94 ± 8.0 | <0.001 | 155 ± 74 † | 163 ± 23 c | 296 ± 20 | <0.001 |
Coffee & tea | 1 ± 0.5 †,b | 2 ± 1 †,c | 15 ± 3.6 | <0.001 | 132 ± 33 | 77 ± 14 c | 223 ± 44 | 0.01 |
Plain water | 15 ± 2 a,b | 87 ± 6 c | 215 ± 9.6 | <0.001 | 75 ± 10 a,b | 143 ± 10 c | 308 ± 10 | <0.001 |
Flavoured or enhanced water 3 | 0 | 0 ± 0.4 † | 4 ± 2.1 † | 0.07 | n/a | 87 ± 16 | 236 ± 52 | 0.01 |
Infant formulas | 618 ± 23 b | 615 ± 20 c | 38 ± 6.8 | <0.001 | 834 ± 17 b | 783 ± 15 c | 591 ± 48 | <0.001 |
Breast milk | 264 ± 18 a,b | 119 ± 11 c | 23 ± 4.0 | <0.001 | 635 ± 17 a,b | 492 ± 15 c | 304 ± 33 | <0.001 |
Total beverage intake | 905 ± 10 b | 938 ± 13 c | 1065 ± 18.3 | <0.001 | n/a | n/a | n/a |
Beverage Category | Per Capita Mean Intake ± SE (g/Day) | Per Consumer Mean Intake ± SE (g/Day) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boys | Girls | p-Value 1 | Boys | Girls | p-Value 1 | |
Milk | 245 ± 13.2 | 249 ± 13.2 | 0.82 | 571 ± 18 | 541 ± 16 | 0.19 |
Milk, whole | 188 ± 11.5 | 192 ± 11.3 | 0.83 | 572 ± 20 | 558 ± 17 | 0.57 |
Milk, reduced, low or non-fat | 57 ± 6.7 | 58 ± 7.2 | 0.94 | 475 ± 37 | 405 ± 30 | 0.13 |
Flavoured milk | 10 ± 4.1 † | 10 ± 2.8 | 0.96 | 314 ± 88 | 383 ± 64 | 0.53 |
Dairy drinks & substitutes | 11 ± 3.2 † | 12 ± 3.8 † | 0.72 | 392 ± 81 | 598 ± 98 | 0.13 |
100% fruit juice | 91 ± 6.9 | 97 ± 7.7 | 0.57 | 236 ± 13 | 235 ± 13 | 0.95 |
Diet beverages | 2 ± 0.7 † | 4 ± 1.4 † | 0.17 | 122 ± 29 | 216 ± 44 | 0.16 |
Sweetened beverages | 55 ± 6.3 | 44 ± 4.4 | 0.15 | 302 ± 25 | 258 ± 24 | 0.23 |
Coffee & tea | 9 ± 3.3 † | 7 ± 1.7 | 0.66 | 219 ± 73 | 173 ± 24 | 0.56 |
Plain water | 132 ± 8.2 | 136 ± 7.0 | 0.70 | 240 ± 11 † | 240 ± 11 | 0.98 |
Flavoured or enhanced water | 3 ± 2.0 † | 1 ± 0.6 † | 0.23 | 224 ± 58 | 194 ± 76 † | 0.76 |
Infant formulas | 335 ± 15.9 | 322 ± 14.8 | 0.51 | 800 ± 17 | 778 ± 17 | 0.36 |
Breast milk | 102 ± 9.0 | 108 ± 8.1 | 0.69 | 526 ± 20 | 526 ± 17 | 0.99 |
Total beverage intake | 996 ± 13.6 | 991 ± 14.1 | 0.79 | n/a | n/a |
Beverage Category | Per Capita Mean Intake ± SE (g/Day) | Per Consumer Mean Intake ± SE (g/Day) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Non-HW | Non-HB | MA | Non-HA/OH/OR | p-Value 1 | Non-HW | Non-HB | MA | Non-HA/OH/OR | p-Value 1 | |
Milk | 246 ± 15 | 210 ± 18 | 271 ± 15 | 255 ± 19 | 0.08 | 574 ± 20 | 511 ± 26 | 563 ± 24 | 522 ± 30 | 0.08 |
Milk, whole | 189 ± 13 | 167 ± 17 | 210 ± 16 | 190 ± 21 | 0.33 | 573 ± 22 | 546 ± 36 | 566 ± 30 | 554 ± 36 | 0.86 |
Milk, reduced, low or non-fat | 57 ± 8 | 43 ± 7 | 61 ± 8 | 65 ± 12 | 0.34 | 453 ± 38 | 329 ± 39 b | 502 ± 40 | 412 ± 45 | 0.02 |
Flavoured milk | 12 ± 4 † | 4 ± 2 † | 11 ± 4 † | 7 ± 4 † | 0.16 | 357 ± 82 | 344 ± 88 | 396 ± 119 † | 238 ± 29 | 0.28 |
Dairy drinks & substitutes | 16 ± 4 | 5 ± 3 † | 3 ± 2 † | 10 ± 6 † | 0.06 | 491 ± 78 | 340 ± 82 | 404 ± 184 † | 559 ± 220 † | 0.54 |
100% fruit juice | 80 ± 7 a | 146 ± 17 b | 84 ± 7 | 111 ± 13 | 0.001 | 230 ± 14 | 292 ± 25 b | 189 ± 10 | 249 ± 23 | 0.01 |
Diet beverages | 3 ± 1 | 2 ± 1 † | 3 ± 1 † | 2 ± 2 † | 0.85 | 197 ± 41 | 135 ± 38 | 160 ± 53 † | 141 ± 49 † | 0.63 |
Sweetened beverages | 38 ± 7 a | 73 ± 8 | 69 ± 11 | 50 ± 14 | 0.001 | 256 ± 37 | 320 ± 23 | 262 ± 37 | 361 ± 76 | 0.51 |
Coffee & tea | 9.0 ± 3 | 11 ± 3 † | 7 ± 2 | 6 ± 2 † | 0.62 | 236 ± 71 | 233 ± 55 | 149 ± 26 | 118 ± 23 | 0.02 |
Plain water | 102 ± 7 | 122 ± 10 | 108 ± 7 | 129 ± 12 | 0.52 | 243 ± 12 | 249 ± 14 | 208 ± 11 | 222 ± 14 | 0.05 |
Flavoured or enhanced water | 4 ± 2 | 0.3 ± 0.3 † | 2 ± 0.8 † | 0.1 ± 0.1 † | 0.11 | 226 ± 63 | 237 †† | 186 ± 41 e | 46 †† | 0.001 |
Infant formulas | 296 ± 17 a | 404 ± 25 | 363 ± 15 | 338 ± 21 | 0.003 | 765 ± 20 a | 859 ± 27 b | 767 ± 20 | 832 ± 18 | <0.01 |
Breast milk | 126 ± 9 a | 48 ± 9 b,c | 91 ± 9 | 99 ± 15 | <0.001 | 535 ± 18 | 486 ± 31 | 483 ± 21 | 558 ± 27 | 0.19 |
Total beverage intake | 932 ± 17 a | 1025 ± 22 | 1010 ± 18 | 1008 ± 22 | 0.01 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
Beverage Category | Per Capita Mean Intake ± SE (g/Day) | Per Consumer Mean Intake ± SE (g/Day) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PIR < 1.0 | PIR1.0–1.99 | PIR 2.0–3.49 | PIR ≥ 3.5 | p-Value 2 | PIR < 1.0 | PIR1.0–1.99 | PIR2.0–3.49 | PIR ≥ 3.5 | p-Value 2 | |
Milk | 256 ± 16 | 231 ± 16 | 267 ± 25 | 245 ± 27 | 0.62 | 569 ± 22 | 538 ± 25 | 556 ± 37 | 565 ± 30 | 0.86 |
Milk, whole | 184 ± 12 | 177 ± 16 | 200 ± 21 | 202 ± 24 | 0.77 | 592 ± 23 | 570 ± 29 | 543 ± 39 | 569 ± 29 | 0.70 |
Milk, reduced, low or non-fat | 71 ± 11 | 54 ± 8 | 68 ± 16 | 43 ± 9 | 0.21 | 462 ± 50 | 434 ± 41 | 513 ± 56 | 353 ± 42 | 0.14 |
Flavoured milk | 7 ± 3 | 11 ± 3 † | 16 ± 9 † | 7 ± 4 † | 0.65 | 351 ± 105 † | 240 ± 43 | 483 ± 141 | 368 ± 133 † | 0.31 |
Dairy drinks & substitutes | 12 ± 5 † | 7 ± 4 † | 15 ± 7 † | 12 ± 6 † | 0.73 | 531 ± 95 | 492 ± 89 | 489 ± 133 | 485 ± 155 † | 0.99 |
100% fruit juice | 108 ± 9 a | 118 ± 12 c | 99 ± 13 d | 54 ± 8 | 0.001 | 246 ± 15 | 249 ± 19 | 240 ± 25 | 202 ± 23 | 0.46 |
Diet beverages | 4 ± 1 | 3 ± 2 † | 5 ± 2 † | 2 ± 1 † | 0.49 | 124 ± 29 a | 170 ± 59 † | 233 ± 63 | 301 ± 47 | 0.02 |
Sweetened beverages | 71 ± 8 a | 51 ± 10 c | 57 ± 16 | 18 ± 5 | <0.001 | 304 ± 23 a | 275 ± 43 | 305 ± 72 | 178 ± 26 | <0.01 |
Coffee & tea | 13 ± 3 a | 5 ± 2 † | 14 ± 8 † | 2 ± 1 † | 0.004 | 182 ± 29 | 128 ± 38 † | 308 ± 138 † | 119 ± 27 † | 0.32 |
Plain water | 109 ± 7 | 96 ± 7 | 121 ± 12 | 116 ± 11 | 0.50 | 230 ± 11 | 216 ± 13 e | 258 ± 19 | 234 ± 17 | 0.33 |
Flavoured or enhanced water | 2 ± 1 † | 2.0 ± 1 † | 4 ± 4 † | 2 ± 0.9 † | 0.93 | 170 ± 62 † | 147 ± 34 | 414 ± 21 d | 169 ± 55 † | 0.001 |
Infant formulas | 397 ± 21 a,b | 359 ± 20 e | 252 ± 19 | 291 ± 29 | <0.001 | 848 ± 20 a,b | 817 ± 17 c | 755 ± 28 | 726 ± 31 | <0.01 |
Breast milk | 64 ± 7.0 a,b | 90 ± 12 | 126 ± 15 | 135 ± 17 | <0.001 | 505 ± 26 | 504 ± 30 | 584 ± 25 | 503 ± 27 | 0.09 |
Total beverage intake | 1042 ± 16 a | 973 ± 18 c | 975 ± 33 | 834 ± 19 | <0.001 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
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Grimes, C.A.; Szymlek-Gay, E.A.; Nicklas, T.A. Beverage Consumption among U.S. Children Aged 0–24 Months: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Nutrients 2017, 9, 264. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9030264
Grimes CA, Szymlek-Gay EA, Nicklas TA. Beverage Consumption among U.S. Children Aged 0–24 Months: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Nutrients. 2017; 9(3):264. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9030264
Chicago/Turabian StyleGrimes, Carley A., Ewa A. Szymlek-Gay, and Theresa A. Nicklas. 2017. "Beverage Consumption among U.S. Children Aged 0–24 Months: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)" Nutrients 9, no. 3: 264. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9030264