Iron Intake and Dietary Sources in the Spanish Population: Findings from the ANIBES Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample
2.2. Food and Beverage Records
2.3. Evaluation of Misreporting
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
Contribution of Food and Beverage Groups to Iron Intake
4. Discussion
4.1. Iron Deficiency and Vulnerable Population Groups
4.2. Misreporting
4.3. Iron Food Sources
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Age Group (Years) | Moreiras et al. [12] | EFSA [25] |
---|---|---|
Fe (mg/Day) | Fe (mg/Day) | |
Men | ||
9 | 9 | 11 |
10 | 12 | 11 |
11 | 12 | 11 |
12 | 12 | 11 |
13–17 | 15 | 11 |
18–19 | 15 | 11 |
20–49 | 10 | 11 |
50–59 | 10 | 11 |
≥60 | 10 | 11 |
Women | ||
9 | 9 | 11 |
10 | 18 | 11 |
11 | 18 | 11 |
12 | 18 | 13 |
13–17 | 18 | 13 |
18–19 | 18 | 16 |
20–49 | 18 | 16 a |
50–59 | 10 | 16 a |
≥60 | 10 | 11 |
Gender | Reporting | |
---|---|---|
Plausible Reporters | Non-Plausible Reporters | |
Female | 57.3% (n = 311) | 46.7% (n = 685) |
Male | 42.7% (n = 232) | 53.3% (n = 781) |
Children | Adolescents | Adults | Elderly | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | Female | 7.7% | 6.6% | 76.2% | 9.5% |
(n = 87) | (n = 74) | (n = 857) | (n = 107) | ||
Male | 10.9% | 11.8% | 68.8% | 8.5% | |
(n = 126) | (n = 137) | (n = 137) | (n = 137) | ||
Reporting | Plausible reporters | 17.8% | 11.3% | 64.2% | 6.7% |
(n = 120) | (n = 76) | (n = 433) | (n = 45) | ||
Non-plausible reporters | 5.8% | 8.4% | 75.9% | 10.0% | |
(n = 93) | (n = 135) | (n = 1222) | (n = 161) |
Gender | Iron (mg/Day) | % Above 80% RDI Moreiras (Spain) | % Above 80% RDI EFSA | RDI Agreement (Kappa) Moreiras vs. EFSA |
---|---|---|---|---|
Women | ||||
Total n = 996 | 9.8 (7.9–11.9) | 17.0 | 27.3 ## | 0.526 |
Plausible n = 331 | 12.0 *** (10.3–13.8) | 24.8 | 50.5 ### | 0.570 |
Non-plausible n = 685 | 8.8 (7.3–10.6) | 13.4 | 19.8 ### | 0.462 |
Men | ||||
Total n = 1013 | 11.3 (9.0–14.0) | 57.3 | 77.2 | 0.697 |
Plausible n = 232 | 14.7 *** (12.4–17.1) | 84.0 | 100.0 ## | - |
Non-plausible n = 781 | 10.3 (8.4–12.7) | 49.3 | 70.4 ## | 0.694 |
Age Group | Iron (mg/Day) | % Above 80% RDI Moreiras (Spain) | % Above 80% RDI EFSA | RDI Agreement (Kappa) Moreiras vs. EFSA |
---|---|---|---|---|
Children | ||||
Total n = 213 | 11.0 (9.2–12.8) | 40.9 | 77.9 ### | 0.345 |
Plausible n = 120 | 12.2 *** (10.4–14.0) | 54.2 | 94.2 ### | 0.255 |
Non-plausible n = 93 | 9.2 (8.0–11.1) | 23.7 | 57.0 ## | 0.540 |
Adolescents | ||||
Total n = 211 | 11.4 (9.1–13.4) | 15.2 | 73.0 ### | 0.243 |
Plausible n = 76 | 13.3 *** (11.6–15.4) | 27.6 | 90.8 ### | 0.212 |
Non-plausible n = 135 | 10.0 (8.1–11.8) | 8.2 | 63.0 ### | 0.277 |
Adults | ||||
Total n = 1655 | 10.4 (8.4–12.9) | 36.9 | 47.9 ### | 0.233 |
Plausible n = 433 | 13.0 *** (11.0–15.6) | 47.8 | 63.3 ## | 0.730 |
Non-plausible n = 1222 | 9.6 (7.8–11.8) | 33.0 | 42.5 ### | 0.709 |
Elderly | ||||
Total n = 206 | 10.2 (7.9–12.6) | 52.9 | 68.0 ### | 0.170 |
Plausible n = 45 | 12.7 *** (10.9–17.2) | 88.9 | 100.0 ### | - |
Non-plausible n = 161 | 9.5 (7.5–11.5) | 42.9 | 59.0 ### | 0.842 |
Geographical Distribution (Nielsen Areas) | Iron (mg/Day) |
---|---|
Barcelona (Metropolitan Area) | 10.8 (8.8–13.1) |
Canary Islands | 10.1 (7.8–13.3) |
Center | 9.9 (8.2–13.2) |
East | 10.6 (8.3–13.2) |
Madrid (Metropolitan Area) | 10.2 * (8.1–12.7) |
Northeast | 10.9 (8.7–13.4) |
Northwest | 10.6 (8.6–12.7) |
North Central | 11.4 (9.6–14.0) |
South | 10.1 ** (8.2–12.4) |
Children | Adolescents | Adults | Elderly | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Female | Male | Female | Male | Female | Male | Female | |
Cereals/Grains (%) | 30.7 a | 31.8 a | 33.1 a | 31.3 a | 26.9 b | 26.9 b | 24.0 c | 24.6 b,c |
Meat and meat products (%) | 23.1 d | 20.1 d,e | 23.5 d | 20.3 d,e | 22.9 d | 20.1 e | 18.0 e | 17.0 e |
Vegetables (%) | 7.1 f | 7.9 f | 6.7 f | 7.7 f | 10.8 g | 12.4 h | 13.0 h,i | 14.7 i |
Pulses (%) | 4.5 | 6.4 | 4.9 | 5.7 | 5.6 | 5.8 | 7.6 | 6.0 |
Fish and shellfish (%) | 3.8 j | 4.0 j | 3.7 j | 4.3 j | 5.7 k | 6.5 l | 6.9 l,m | 7.9 m |
Ready-to-eat-meals (%) | 6.6 n | 5.7 n,o,p | 7.6 n,o | 6.2 n | 5.3 o,p | 4.6 p | 2.9 p | 2.1 q |
Eggs (%) | 4.6 | 4.3 | 5.0 | 4.7 | 5.0 | 4.4 | 5.5 | 5.3 |
Fruits (%) | 3.3 r | 3.8 r | 2.4 s | 3.8 r | 4.6 r | 5.7 t | 8.4 u | 10.2 w |
Milk and dairy products (%) | 4.7 x | 4.3 y | 3.8 y | 4.0 | 3.3 y | 3.7 z | 2.8 z | 3.9 y |
Non-alcoholic beverages (%) | 2.5 α | 2.6 α,β | 2.0 α | 2.6 α | 2.8 β | 3.2 γ | 2.9 β,γ | 3.4 δ |
Sugars and sweets (%) | 6.1 ε | 5.8 ε,ζ | 4.7 ζ | 6.5 ε,ζ | 2.0 η | 2.4 θ | 1.2 ι | 0.7 ι |
Alcoholic beverages (%) | - | - | - | - | 2.1 κ | 1.3 λ | 4.8 μ | 2.0 λ |
Sauces and condiments (%) | 1.0 ν | 1.6 ν | 1.1 ν | 1.3 ν | 1.2 ν | 1.1 ν | 0.7 ξ | 0.8 π |
Children | Adolescents | Adults | Elderly | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Female | Male | Female | Male | Female | Male | Female | |
Meat (total) (%) | 12.9 a,b | 9.8 a | 13.5 b | 10.7 a | 13.3 b | 12.1 a | 10.6 a | 10.9 a |
Red meat (%) | 5.3 | 5.1 | 5.4 | 2.8 | 5.5 | 4.8 | 5.1 | 4.8 |
White meat (%) | 2.9 c,d | 1.7 e | 3.3 c,d | 3.1 c,d | 3.3 d | 3.0 c,d | 2.4 c,d,e | 2.1 c,e |
Poultry (%) | 4.7 f | 3.0 g | 4.8 f | 4.9 f,g | 4.5 f | 4.3 f,g | 3.1 f,g | 4.0 f,g |
Viscera and offal (%) | 0.0 h,i | 0.3 h,i | 0.0 h | 0.1 h,i | 0.6 i | 0.4 h,i | 1.0 j | 0.6 h,i |
Sausages and other meat products (%) | 10.2 k | 10.0 k | 10.0 k | 9.5 k | 9.0 k | 7.5 l | 6.4 l,m | 5.5 m |
Fish and shellfish (total) (%) | 3.8 n | 4.0 n | 3.7 n | 4.3 n | 5.7 o | 6.5 p | 6.9 p,q | 7.9 q |
White fish (%) | 1.1 r,s,t | 1.6 s,t,u | 0.7 r | 0.8 r | 1.1 r | 1.2 r,s | 2.0 t,u | 2.5 u |
Blue Fish (%) | 0.5 v,w | 0.7 v,w | 0.3 v | 1.0 v,w | 0.8 w | 1.0 w | 1.6 y | 0.9 w |
Shellfish (%) | 1.6 z,α | 1.1 z | 1.7 z | 1.5 z | 2.2 α | 2.6 α | 2.2 α | 2.7 z,α |
Canned Fish (%) | 0.6 β | 0.6 β | 1.0 β | 0.9 β | 1.7 γ | 1.7 γ | 1.0 β,γ | 1.8 γ |
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Samaniego-Vaesken, M.D.L.; Partearroyo, T.; Olza, J.; Aranceta-Bartrina, J.; Gil, Á.; González-Gross, M.; Ortega, R.M.; Serra-Majem, L.; Varela-Moreiras, G. Iron Intake and Dietary Sources in the Spanish Population: Findings from the ANIBES Study. Nutrients 2017, 9, 203. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9030203
Samaniego-Vaesken MDL, Partearroyo T, Olza J, Aranceta-Bartrina J, Gil Á, González-Gross M, Ortega RM, Serra-Majem L, Varela-Moreiras G. Iron Intake and Dietary Sources in the Spanish Population: Findings from the ANIBES Study. Nutrients. 2017; 9(3):203. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9030203
Chicago/Turabian StyleSamaniego-Vaesken, Mᵃ De Lourdes, Teresa Partearroyo, Josune Olza, Javier Aranceta-Bartrina, Ángel Gil, Marcela González-Gross, Rosa M. Ortega, Lluis Serra-Majem, and Gregorio Varela-Moreiras. 2017. "Iron Intake and Dietary Sources in the Spanish Population: Findings from the ANIBES Study" Nutrients 9, no. 3: 203. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9030203