Associations between Dietary Fiber Intake in Infancy and Cardiometabolic Health at School Age: The Generation R Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Subjects and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Subjects
2.2. Dietary Intake Assessment
2.3. Cardiometabolic Health Assessment
2.4. Covariates
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Population Characteristics
3.2. Associations between DF Intake and Cardiometabolic Health
3.3. Associations between DF Intake from Different Sources and Cardiometabolic Health
3.4. Additional Analyses
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
BF% | Body Fat Percentage |
BMI | Body Mass Index |
DBP | Diastolic Blood Pressure |
DF | Dietary Fiber |
FFQ | Food Frequency Questionnaire |
HDL-C | High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol |
LDL-C | Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol |
SBP | Systolic Blood Pressure |
SDS | Standard Deviation Score |
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Mean ± SD, Median (IQR), or n (%) | |
---|---|
Infancy Characteristics | |
Gestational age at birth (weeks) | 40.1 (39.3–41.1) |
Birth weight (g) | 3499 ± 563 |
Girls (n) | 1031 (50.7%) |
Receiving breastfeeding | |
● Never | 272 (13.3%) |
● Partial in the first 4 months | 1154 (56.8%) |
● Exclusively in the first 4 months | 606 (29.9%) |
Timing of introduction of fruits and vegetables | |
● <4 months | 162 (7.9%) |
● 4–6 months | 1716 (84.4%) |
● ≥6 months | 154 (7.7%) |
Characteristics at Dietary Assessment | |
Age (months) | 12.9 (12.6–13.9) |
Dietary fiber (DF) intake (g/day) | 15.0 ± 4.3 |
● DF from cereals | 8.0 (6.2–10.0) |
● DF from potatoes | 1.1 (0.4–1.9) |
● DF from fruit and vegetables | 4.7 (3.2–6.2) |
● DF from legumes | 0.2 (0.0–0.6) |
Energy intake (kcal/day) | 1267 (1070–1491) |
Receiving any dietary supplements | 973 (47.9%) |
Characteristics at Cardiometabolic Health Assessment | |
Age (year) | 5.9 (5.8–6.1) |
Height (cm) | 118 (115–122) |
Weight (kg) | 21.8 (20.2–23.8) |
BMI (kg/m2) (n = 1995) | 15.6 (15.0–16.5) |
Body fat percentage (n = 1988) | 23.1 (20.4–26.4) |
Serum HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) (n = 1385) | 1.33 ± 0.30 |
Serum insulin (pmol/L) (n = 1380) | 114 (63.8–183.6) |
Serum triglycerides (mmol/L) (n = 1383) | 0.98 (0.72–1.29) |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) (n = 1943) | 60 ± 6 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) (n = 1943) | 102 ± 8 |
Physical activity (h/day) | 1.60 (1.00–2.43) |
Screen time (h/day) | 1.14 (0.75–1.71) |
Seldom or no smoking in household | 1829 (90.0%) |
Parental Characteristics | |
Maternal age at enrolment (year) | 32.3 (29.7–34.6) |
Maternal BMI at enrolment (kg/m2) | 23.3 (21.7–25.8) |
Household income ≥ €2,200 per month | 1586 (78.0%) |
Educational level parents | |
● No higher education | 421 (20.7%) |
● One parent higher education | 495 (24.4%) |
● Both parents higher education | 1116 (54.9%) |
Maternal hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus, or hypertension | 93 (4.6%) |
Smoking during pregnancy | |
● Never | 1606 (79.0%) |
● Until pregnancy was known | 213 (10.5%) |
● Continued | 213 (10.5%) |
Alcohol consumption during pregnancy | |
● Never | 627 (30.9%) |
● Until pregnancy was known | 364 (17.9%) |
● Continued | 1041 (51.2%) |
Use of folic acid supplements during pregnancy | |
● Start periconceptional | 1245 (61.3%) |
● Start in first 10 weeks of pregnancy | 599 (29.4%) |
● No | 188 (9.3%) |
Gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, or gestational diabetes mellitus | 183 (9.1%) |
DF Intake (per 1 g/day) | Energy-Adjusted DF Intake (per 1 g/day) 1 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Crude Model 2 | Covariate-Adjusted Model 3 | Crude Model 2 | Covariate-Adjusted Model 3 | |
Cardiometabolic risk factor score | −0.014 * | −0.022 * | −0.023 * | −0.022 * |
n = 1314 | (−0.024, −0.003) | (−0.037, −0.006) | (−0.038, −0.007) | (−0.038, −0.006) |
BF% (SDS) | −0.005 | −0.005 | −0.004 | −0.003 |
n = 1988 | (−0.014, 0.004) | (−0.017, 0.007) | (−0.016, 0.008) | (−0.015, 0.010) |
HDL-C (SDS) | 0.018 * | 0.027 * | 0.023 * | 0.026 *,4 |
n = 1385 | (0.012, 0.024) | (0.011, 0.044) | (0.007, 0.039) | (0.009, 0.043) |
Insulin (SDS) | 0.001 | 0.002 | −0.005 | −0.003 |
n = 1380 | (−0.005, 0.007) | (−0.014, 0.019) | (−0.013, 0.003) | (−0.020, 0.015) |
Triglycerides (SDS) | −0.008 | −0.019 * | −0.015 | −0.018 *,4 |
n = 1383 | (−0.020, 0.004) | (−0.035, −0.003) | (−0.031, 0.001) | (−0.036, −0.002) |
DBP (SDS) | −0.006 | −0.006 | −0.004 | −0.003 |
n = 1943 | (−0.015, 0.004) | (−0.019, 0.008) | (−0.017, 0.009) | (−0.017, 0.011) |
SBP (SDS) | −0.001 | −0.007 | −0.009 | −0.009 |
n = 1943 | (−0.006, 0.004) | (−0.020, 0.007) | (−0.022, 0.005) | (−0.023, 0.005) |
Cereals (per 1 g/day) | Potatoes (per 1 g/day) | Fruit & Vegetables (per 1 g/day) | Legumes (per 1 g/day) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DF Intake | Energy-Adjusted DF Intake 1 | DF Intake | Energy-Adjusted DF Intake 1 | DF Intake 1 | Energy-Adjusted DF Intake 1 | DF Intake | Energy-Adjusted DF Intake 1 | |
Cardiometabolic risk factor score (SDS) | −0.006 | −0.004 | −0.050 * | −0.051 * | −0.009 | −0.009 | −0.032 | −0.03 |
n = 1311 | (−0.026, 0.014) | (−0.026, 0.019) | (−0.093, −0.008) | (−0.096, −0.009) | (−0.034, 0.017) | (−0.034, 0.016) | (−0.111, 0.048) | (−0.110, 0.049) |
BF% (SDS) | −0.009 | −0.005 | 0 | −0.001 | 0.006 | 0.006 | −0.001 | 0 |
n = 1984 | (−0.024, 0.005) | (−0.022, 0.011) | (−0.032, 0.032) | (−0.033, 0.032) | (−0.012, 0.025) | (−0.013, 0.025) | (−0.061, 0.059) | (−0.059, 0.060) |
HDL-C (SDS) | 0.008 | 0.002 | 0.028 * | 0.033 | 0.027 * | 0.028 * | 0.035 | 0.033 |
n = 1383 | (−0.013, 0.029) | (−0.021, 0.024) | (0.016, 0.072) | (−0.012, 0.077) | (0.000, 0.054) | (0.002, 0.054) | (−0.047, 0.117) | (−0.048, 0.115) |
Insulin (SDS) | 0.001 | −0.008 | −0.018 | −0.01 | 0.012 | 0.013 | −0.015 | −0.016 |
n = 1378 | (−0.019, 0.022) | (−0.030, 0.015) | (−0.055, 0.033) | (−0.053, 0.034) | (−0.015, 0.039) | (−0.014, 0.040) | (−0.097, 0.067) | (−0.098, 0.066) |
Triglycerides (SDS) | 0.011 | −0.007 | −0.075 * | −0.076 * | −0.02 | −0.021 | −0.015 | −0.014 |
n = 1381 | (−0.010, 0.032) | (−0.015, 0.000) | (−0.120, −0.030) | (−0.121, −0.032) | (−0.048, 0.007) | (−0.050, 0.006) | (−0.098, 0.068) | (−0.098, 0.069) |
DBP (SDS) | −0.007 | −0.003 | −0.001 | −0.0034 | −0.004 | −0.005 | −0.016 | 0.017 |
n = 1939 | (−0.024, 0.009) | (−0.021, 0.016) | (−0.038, 0.035) | (−0.040, 0.033) | (−0.025, 0.017) | (−0.026, 0.016) | (−0.052, 0.084) | (−0.051, 0.085) |
SBP (SDS) | −0.009 | −0.012 | 0.004 | 0.004 | 0.001 | 0.002 | −0.008 | −0.008 |
n = 1939 | (−0.026, 0.009) | (−0.032, 0.008) | (−0.034, 0.041) | (−0.033, 0.042) | (−0.021, 0.023) | (−0.021, 0.024) | (−0.028, 0.012) | (−0.028, 0.012) |
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Van Gijssel, R.M.A.; Braun, K.V.E.; Kiefte-de Jong, J.C.; Jaddoe, V.W.V.; Franco, O.H.; Voortman, T. Associations between Dietary Fiber Intake in Infancy and Cardiometabolic Health at School Age: The Generation R Study. Nutrients 2016, 8, 531. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8090531
Van Gijssel RMA, Braun KVE, Kiefte-de Jong JC, Jaddoe VWV, Franco OH, Voortman T. Associations between Dietary Fiber Intake in Infancy and Cardiometabolic Health at School Age: The Generation R Study. Nutrients. 2016; 8(9):531. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8090531
Chicago/Turabian StyleVan Gijssel, Rafaëlle M. A., Kim V. E. Braun, Jessica C. Kiefte-de Jong, Vincent W. V. Jaddoe, Oscar H. Franco, and Trudy Voortman. 2016. "Associations between Dietary Fiber Intake in Infancy and Cardiometabolic Health at School Age: The Generation R Study" Nutrients 8, no. 9: 531. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8090531