Contribution of Water from Food and Fluids to Total Water Intake: Analysis of a French and UK Population Surveys
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. The French Nutritional Survey (CCAF 2013)
2.2. The UK Nutritional Survey (NDNS 2008/2009–2011/2012)
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Contribution of Water from Food Moisture and Fluids to Total Water Intake According to Country, Gender and Age Groups
3.2. Contribution of Water from Food Moisture and Fluids to TWI According to Deciles of Total Water Intake
3.3. Contribution of Water from Food Moisture and Fluids to TWI According to Adherence to EFSA Adequate Intake
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Age and Physiological Classes | Total Water Adequate Intake | ||
---|---|---|---|
Infants | 0–6 months | 680 mL/day through milk | |
6–12 months | 800–1000 mL/day | ||
Children | 1–2 years | 1100–1200 mL/day | |
2–3 years | 1300 mL/day | ||
4–8 years | 1600 mL/day | ||
9–13 years | Boys | 2100 mL/day | |
Girls | 1900 mL/day | ||
>14 years | Same as adults | ||
Adults | Men | 2500 mL/day | |
Women | 2000 mL/day | ||
Pregnant women | +300 mL/day vs. adults | ||
Lactating women | +600–700 mL/day vs. adults | ||
Elderly | Same as adults |
CCAF 2013 | NDNS 2008/2009–2011/2012 | p-Values | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
France | UK | |||||
Males | Females | Males | Females | Males | Females | |
4–18 years | ||||||
Sample size | 478 | 423 | 859 | 828 | ||
Weight (kg) | 41 ± 17 | 41 ± 17 | 45 ± 13 | 44 ± 14 | 0.0002 | 0.0001 |
Height (m) | 146 ± 23 | 144 ± 21 | 148 ± 15 | 145 ± 14 | 0.1407 | 0.5264 |
Energy Intake (kcal/day) | 1906 ± 598 | 1636 ± 478 | 1802 ± 303 | 1540 ± 244 | 0.007 | <0.0001 |
≥19 years | ||||||
Sample size | 426 | 636 | 901 | 1182 | ||
Weight (kg) | 78 ± 14 | 65 ± 12 | 85 ± 20 | 72 ± 20 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
Height (m) | 175 ± 8 | 163 ± 6 | 175 ± 10 | 161 ± 8 | 0.3374 | 0.0002 |
Energy Intake (kcal/day) | 2229 ± 523 | 1832 ± 399 | 2109 ± 851 | 1588 ± 591 | 0.0018 | <0.0001 |
TWI | Water from Fluids | Water from Food | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | (mL/Day) * | (mL/Day) * | % TWI | (mL/Day) * | % TWI | ||
CCAF 2013—France | |||||||
4–10 years | Males | 252 | 1254 (1074–1519) | 738 (616–912) | 61% | 483 (405–606) | 39% |
Females | 194 | 1213 (1016–1519) | 752 (585–948) | 64% | 450 (372–549) | 36% | |
11–18 years | Males | 226 | 1510 (1255–1818) | 951 (740–1182) | 62% | 560 (473–689) | 38% |
Females | 229 | 1382 (1143–1649) | 846 (676–1055) | 64% | 520 (394–617) | 36% | |
19–64 years | Males | 324 | 1922 (1559–2273) | 1188 (921–1573) | 65% | 671 (538–814) | 35% |
Females | 492 | 1763 (1437–2143) | 1139 (840–1458) | 66% | 597 (488–745) | 34% | |
≥65 years | Males | 102 | 1929 (1699–2325) | 1115 (874–1420) | 59% | 810 (664–972) | 41% |
Females | 144 | 1921 (1633–2373) | 1130 (882–1460) | 61% | 782 (638–923) | 39% | |
4–18 years | total | 901 | 1358 (1114–1645) | 825 (650–1055) | 65% | 508 (402–611) | 35% |
≥19 years | Males | 426 | 1923 (1591–2281) | 1186 (916–1532) | 62% | 697 (569–858) | 38% |
≥19 years | Females | 636 | 1796 (1479–2199) | 1135 (847–1458) | 65% | 631 (508–795) | 35% |
NDNS 2008/2009–2011/2012—UK | |||||||
4–10 years | Males | 414 | 1253 (1045–1509) | 837 (664–1056) | 67% | 418 (343–502) | 33% |
Females | 389 | 1225 (1016–1470) | 789 (627–994) | 67% | 411 (328–508) | 33% | |
11–18 years | Males | 445 | 1588 (1289–1978) | 1110 (860–1486) | 72% | 463 (367–570) | 28% |
Females | 439 | 1348 (1083–1678) | 934 (699–1249) | 72% | 392 (316–482) | 28% | |
19–64 years | Males | 710 | 2415 (1890–3018) | 1793 (1306–2369) | 76% | 573 (457–732) | 24% |
Females | 945 | 2060 (1692–2578) | 1522 (1150–1981) | 75% | 536 (413–656) | 25% | |
≥65 years | Males | 191 | 2260 (1796–2703) | 1645 (1200–2026) | 72% | 628 (503–764) | 28% |
Females | 237 | 2002 (1692–2468) | 1466 (1170–1840) | 72% | 567 (460–665) | 28% | |
4–18 years | total | 1687 | 1352 (1102–1686) | 920 (692–121) | 67% | 416 (337–522) | 33% |
≥19 years | Males | 901 | 2386 (1875–2968) | 1745 (1292–2289) | 76% | 591 (469–739) | 24% |
≥19 years | Females | 1182 | 2050 (1692–2559) | 1510 (1153–1921) | 72% | 542 (425–658) | 28% |
TWI | Water from Fluids | Water from Food | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N (%) | mL/Day * | mL/Day * | % TWI | mL/Day * | % TWI | ||
CCAF 2013—France | |||||||
Children | <AI | 811 (91%) | 1310 (1082–1528) | 786 (629–985) | 62% | 498 (398–593) | 38% |
≥AI | 85 (9%) | 2079 (1849–2276) | 1450 (1233–1641) | 68% | 627 (505–800) | 32% | |
Male adults | <AI | 435 (84%) | 1832 (1534–2144) | 1102 (879–1371) | 62% | 675 (546–810) | 38% |
≥AI | 82 (16%) | 2752 (2609–3100) | 1928 (1680–2195) | 68% | 870 (731–1093) | 32% | |
Female adults | <AI | 361 (64%) | 1592 (1338–1776) | 950 (754–1131) | 61% | 574 (473–714) | 39% |
≥AI | 199 (36%) | 2384 (2167–2689) | 1585 (1405–1964) | 69% | 778 (607–960) | 31% | |
NDNS 2008/2009–2011/2012—UK | |||||||
Children | <AI | 1477 (88%) | 1288 (1056–1526) | 864 (675–1093) | 68% | 404 (329–502) | 32% |
≥AI | 210 (12%) | 2186 (1893–2665) | 1688 (1349–2161) | 78% | 520 (405–637) | 22% | |
Male adults | <AI | 495 (56%) | 1922 (1586–2204) | 1326 (1089–1615) | 71% | 528 (422–658) | 29% |
≥AI | 406 (44%) | 3086 (2794–3579) | 2377 (2072–2883) | 79% | 682 (540–834) | 21% | |
Female adults | <AI | 538 (47%) | 1661 (1396–1831) | 1141 (907–1301) | 69% | 477 (374–580) | 31% |
≥AI | 644 (53%) | 2493 (2227–2932) | 1894 (1648–2312) | 77% | 606 (483–710) | 23% |
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Guelinckx, I.; Tavoularis, G.; König, J.; Morin, C.; Gharbi, H.; Gandy, J. Contribution of Water from Food and Fluids to Total Water Intake: Analysis of a French and UK Population Surveys. Nutrients 2016, 8, 630. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8100630
Guelinckx I, Tavoularis G, König J, Morin C, Gharbi H, Gandy J. Contribution of Water from Food and Fluids to Total Water Intake: Analysis of a French and UK Population Surveys. Nutrients. 2016; 8(10):630. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8100630
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuelinckx, Isabelle, Gabriel Tavoularis, Jürgen König, Clémentine Morin, Hakam Gharbi, and Joan Gandy. 2016. "Contribution of Water from Food and Fluids to Total Water Intake: Analysis of a French and UK Population Surveys" Nutrients 8, no. 10: 630. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8100630
APA StyleGuelinckx, I., Tavoularis, G., König, J., Morin, C., Gharbi, H., & Gandy, J. (2016). Contribution of Water from Food and Fluids to Total Water Intake: Analysis of a French and UK Population Surveys. Nutrients, 8(10), 630. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8100630