Optimal Dietary and Plasma Magnesium Statuses Depend on Dietary Quality for a Reduction in the Risk of All-Cause Mortality in Older Adults
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Dietary Information
2.3. Plasma Magnesium and Other Biomarkers
2.4. Outcome Ascertainment
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
Descriptor | Total | Mean ± SE | Mg intake (mg/day) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 (<155) | Q2 (155–<205) | Q3 (205–<265) | Q4 (≥265) | p ‡ | |||
Total, n | 401 | 336 | 330 | 333 | |||
Median | 126 | 178 | 230 | 325 | |||
Plasma Mg (mmol/L), mean ± SE | 0.91 ± 0.01 | 0.90 ± 0.01 | 0.90 ± 0.01 | 0.92 ± 0.01 | 0.91 ± 0.01 | <0.05 | |
Gender, % | 0.14 | ||||||
Men | 52.5 | 226 ± 5.99 | 45.4 | 59.1 | 53.6 | 52.1 | |
Women | 47.5 | 223 ± 7.44 | 54.7 | 40.9 | 46.4 | 47.9 | |
Age at baseline, % | <0.05 | ||||||
65–69 | 30.0 | 228 ± 5.32 | 26.1 | 31.9 | 34.8 | 27.4 | |
70–74 | 30.5 | 227 ± 7.92 | 27.9 | 32.9 | 28.1 | 33.1 | |
75–97 | 39.5 | 220 ± 9.14 | 46.0 | 35.2 | 37.1 | 39.5 | |
Education, % | <0.01 | ||||||
Illiterate | 37.5 | 212 ± 7.55 | 48.7 | 33.1 | 35.9 | 32.0 | |
Primary school | 39.7 | 218 ± 6.96 | 40.7 | 46.4 | 38.5 | 33.3 | |
High school and above | 22.8 | 258 ± 9.00 | 10.5 | 20.5 | 25.6 | 34.8 | |
Ethnicity, % | 0.24 | ||||||
Non indigenous | 98.2 | 225 ± 6.03 | 97.2 | 98.4 | 98.2 | 99.0 | |
Indigenous | 1.81 | 194 ± 14.6 | 2.78 | 1.63 | 1.79 | 1.01 | |
Live alone, % | 0.75 | ||||||
No | 88.9 | 232 ± 7.31 | 88.2 | 91.2 | 88.6 | 87.7 | |
Yes | 11.1 | 229 ± 10.6 | 11.8 | 8.83 | 11.4 | 12.3 | |
Personal income (NTD/month), % | <0.01 | ||||||
<5000 | 62.2 | 219 ± 7.20 | 69.2 | 57.7 | 65.1 | 56.7 | |
5000–19,999 | 28.4 | 224 ± 6.57 | 26.7 | 35.5 | 22.9 | 28.4 | |
≥20,000 | 9.42 | 261 ± 14.2 | 4.06 | 6.83 | 12.1 | 14.9 | |
Smoking more than 6 months, % | <0.01 | ||||||
No | 63.1 | 230 ± 7.21 | 64.0 | 54.4 | 62.7 | 71.0 | |
Former smoker | 14.7 | 233 ± 10.3 | 11.7 | 16.5 | 15.0 | 15.7 | |
Current smoker | 22.2 | 204 ± 7.24 | 24.3 | 29.1 | 22.3 | 13.3 | |
Alcohol drinker, % | 0.01 | ||||||
Never drinker | 74.4 | 221 ± 6.39 | 82.0 | 70.8 | 70.3 | 74.6 | |
Former drinker | 7.10 | 243 ± 17.6 | 5.18 | 7.59 | 6.92 | 8.73 | |
Current drinker | 18.5 | 233 ± 8.16 | 12.8 | 21.6 | 22.8 | 16.7 | |
Chewing ability, % | <0.01 | ||||||
Satisfactory | 65.3 | 230 ± 5.80 | 58.8 | 68.8 | 61.2 | 72.5 | |
Unsatisfactory | 34.7 | 216 ± 8.62 | 41.2 | 31.2 | 38.8 | 24.5 | |
Appetite, % | <0.01 | ||||||
Good | 34.9 | 241 ± 9.44 | 23.1 | 33.9 | 41.0 | 41.6 | |
Fair | 58.3 | 216 ± 5.65 | 65.6 | 60.5 | 55.1 | 51.8 | |
Poor | 6.80 | 213 ± 15.8 | 11.2 | 5.58 | 3.90 | 6.56 | |
Body mass index (kg/m2), % | 0.08 | ||||||
<18.5 | 7.00 | 225 ± 14.4 | 8.67 | 6.56 | 4.24 | 8.52 | |
18.5–23.9 | 49.6 | 222 ± 9.12 | 50.5 | 51.3 | 50.9 | 46.0 | |
24.0–26.9 | 27.9 | 234 ± 9.99 | 27.0 | 29.4 | 25.3 | 29.7 | |
≥27.0 | 15.5 | 235 ± 10.5 | 13.8 | 12.8 | 19.6 | 15.8 | |
MET (/day), % | <0.01 | ||||||
<1.5 | 56.4 | 213 ± 7.35 | 70.6 | 56.2 | 48.7 | 50.0 | |
1.5–2.9 | 10.8 | 226 ± 12.3 | 10.3 | 10.1 | 12.1 | 10.7 | |
≥3 | 32.8 | 244 ± 5.96 | 19.2 | 33.7 | 39.2 | 39.3 | |
History of hypertension, % | 0.57 | ||||||
No | 70.7 | 222 ± 6.13 | 69.7 | 73.7 | 69.3 | 70.0 | |
Yes | 29.3 | 229 ± 10.3 | 30.3 | 26.3 | 30.7 | 30.0 | |
Hyperglycemic, % | 0.55 | ||||||
No (<126 mg/dL) | 91.3 | 229 ± 6.19 | 88.5 | 92.7 | 92.2 | 91.8 | |
Yes (≥126 mg/dL) | 8.70 | 224 ± 16.2 | 11.5 | 7.32 | 7.78 | 8.25 | |
Incident diabetes, % | 0.56 | ||||||
No | 83.2 | 226 ± 6.11 | 80.9 | 83.7 | 81.2 | 86.9 | |
Yes | 16.8 | 218 ± 11.1 | 19.1 | 16.3 | 18.8 | 13.1 | |
Plasma glucose (mg/dL), mean ± SE | 106 ± 1.25 | 111 ± 4.23 | 103 ± 1.34 | 104 ± 0.91 | 108 ± 2.37 | 0.24 | |
Serum C-reactive protein, mean ± SE | 0.45 ± 0.04 | 0.42 ± 0.05 | 0.43 ± 0.05 | 0.44 ± 0.04 | 0.51 ± 0.14 | 0.93 | |
Serum creatinine (mg/dL), mean ± SE | 1.01 ± 0.02 | 1.03 ± 0.06 | 0.96 ± 0.02 | 1.03 ± 0.03 | 1.00 ± 0.03 | 0.03 | |
Serum creatinine >1.5 mg/dL, % | 5.85 | 9.12 | 3.26 | 7.01 | 4.17 | 0.09 | |
Dietary diversity score, mean ± SE | 4.53 ± 0.06 | 3.89 ± 0.08 abc | 4.50 ± 0.08 ad | 4.74 ± 0.07 b | 5.00 ± 0.09 cd | <0.01 | |
≤4, % | 46.3 | 194 ± 5.44 | 74.5 | 46.7 | 36.8 | 27.0 | |
>4, % | 53.7 | 252 ± 7.97 | 25.6 | 53.3 | 63.3 | 73.0 | |
Dietary intake from SFFQ (serving/day), mean ± SE | |||||||
Total grain | 11.3 ± 0.22 | 11.1 ± 0.35 | 11.8 ± 0.45 | 11.0 ± 0.30 | 11.3 ± 0.27 | 0.45 | |
Whole grain | 0.30±0.07 | 0.06 ± 0.03 a | 0.19 ± 0.06 b | 0.20 ± 0.09 c | 0.73 ± 0.17 abc | <0.01 | |
Dairy product | 0.84 ± 0.05 | 0.58 ± 0.07 ab | 0.76 ± 0.07c | 0.98 ± 0.08 a | 1.04 ± 0.07 bc | <0.01 | |
Vegetable | 2.55 ± 0.11 | 2.36 ± 0.16 | 2.51 ± 0.17 | 2.57 ± 0.10 | 2.74 ± 0.13 | 0.07 | |
Fruit | 1.30 ± 0.04 | 1.00 ± 0.08 abc | 1.28 ± 0.07 ad | 1.36 ± 0.07 b | 1.56 ± 0.07 cd | <0.01 | |
Egg | 0.23 ± 0.01 | 0.17 ± 0.02 a | 0.23 ± 0.03 | 0.23 ± 0.01 | 0.29 ± 0.02 a | <0.01 | |
Dietary information from 24 h recall, mean ± SE | |||||||
Total energy intake (kcal/day) | 1633 ± 42.1 | 1490 ± 55.6 a | 1616 ± 57.1 | 1664 ± 59.1 | 1763 ± 59.0 a | <0.01 | |
Nutrient intakes per 1000 kcal | |||||||
Fat (g) | 28.7 ± 0.53 | 32.9 ± 1.26 abc | 27.7 ± 1.11 a | 27.6 ± 0.91 b | 26.5 ± 0.74 c | <0.01 | |
Saturated fatty acid (mg) | 8665 ± 213 | 10,175 ± 448a | 8472 ± 383 | 8494 ± 429 | 7491 ± 297a | <0.01 | |
Cholesterol (mg) | 129 ± 4.76 | 112 ± 6.59 ab | 133 ± 9.43 | 137 ± 6.70 a | 136 ± 7.70 b | 0.02 | |
Dietary fiber (g) | 12.5 ± 0.45 | 8.55 ± 0.32 abc | 10.8 ± 0.44 ade | 13.2 ± 0.66 bdf | 17.4 ± 0.91 cef | <0.01 | |
Potassium (mg) | 1483 ± 34.9 | 932 ± 29.2 abc | 1243 ± 36.0 ade | 1634 ± 60.0 bdf | 2132 ± 52.7 cef | <0.01 | |
Calcium (mg) | 411 ± 14.9 | 208 ± 12.1 abc | 328 ± 14.9 ade | 456 ± 19.0 bdf | 655 ± 24.9 cef | <0.01 |
Mg Intake (mg/day) Hazard Ratio (95% Confidence Intervals) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 (<155) | Q2 (155–< 205) | Q3 (205–< 265) | Q4 (≥265) | p for trend | |
Diabetes incidence | |||||
Person-years | 2096.5 | 1948.3 | 1885.1 | 1964.0 | |
No of events | 71 | 53 | 64 | 43 | |
Cumulative incidence rate/1000 person-years | 33.9 | 27.2 | 34.0 | 21.9 | |
Crude model | 1.00 | 0.75 (0.42–1.32) | 0.88 (0.60–1.30) | 0.61 (0.31–1.19) | 0.14 |
Model 1 | 1.00 | 0.77 (0.42–1.40) | 0.85 (0.57–1.27) | 0.57 (0.27–1.20) | 0.11 |
Model 2 | 1.00 | 0.74 (0.42–1.32) | 0.82 (0.56–1.19) | 0.54 (0.26–1.13) | 0.08 |
Model 3 | 1.00 | 0.77 (0.43–1.38) | 0.86 (0.57–1.31) | 0.59 (0.26–1.33) | 0.20 |
All-cause mortality | |||||
Person-years | 2795.7 | 2556.7 | 2568.8 | 2565.2 | |
No of events/survivals | 173 | 112 | 93 | 97 | |
Cumulative death rate/1000 person-years | 61.9 | 43.8 | 36.2 | 37.8 | |
Crude model | 1.00 | 0.65 (0.48–0.87) | 0.57 (0.42–0.78) | 0.64 (0.45–0.90) | 0.01 |
Model 1 | 1.00 | 0.71 (0.52–0.97) | 0.68 (0.50–0.93) | 0.85 (0.60–1.19) | 0.22 |
Model 2 | 1.00 | 0.75 (0.55–1.03) | 0.75 (0.56–1.00) | 0.89 (0.62–1.27) | 0.42 |
Model 3 | 1.00 | 0.79 (0.58–1.08) | 0.81 (0.60–1.09) | 1.05 (0.74–1.49) | 0.94 |
Cardiovascular mortality | |||||
Person-years | 2223.0 | 2173.7 | 2223.5 | 2227.2 | |
No of events/survivals | 40 | 33 | 27 | 24 | |
Cumulative death rate/1000 person-years | 18.0 | 15.2 | 12.1 | 10.8 | |
Crude model | 1.00 | 1.04 (0.52–2.09) | 0.77 (0.42–1.43) | 0.77 (0.42–1.40) | 0.26 |
Model 1 | 1.00 | 1.10 (0.64–1.90) | 1.02 (0.52–2.00) | 1.08 (0.54–2.17) | 0.89 |
Model 2 | 1.00 | 1.23 (0.71–2.13) | 1.16 (0.63–2.14) | 1.14 (0.55–2.36) | 0.75 |
Model 3 | 1.00 | 1.25 (0.71–2.18) | 1.21 (0.60–2.45) | 1.24 (0.59–2.60) | 0.61 |
Descriptor | Total | Plasma Mg (mmol/L) | p ‡ | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SE | Low (<0.75) | Normal (0.75–0.95) | High (>0.95) | |||
Total, n | 44 | 752 | 190 | |||
Median | 0.74 | 0.90 | 0.99 | |||
Mg intake (mg/day), mean ± SE | 227 ± 7.22 | 217 ± 18.4 | 223 ± 7.84 | 241 ± 11.0 | 0.28 | |
Gender, % | 0.24 | |||||
Men | 53.5 | 0.91 ± 0.01 | 64.3 | 52.2 | 57.1 | |
Women | 46.5 | 0.91 ± 0.01 | 35.7 | 47.8 | 42.9 | |
Age at baseline, % | 0.56 | |||||
65–69 | 32.4 | 0.90 ± 0.00 | 27.7 | 33.2 | 30.1 | |
70–74 | 30.9 | 0.90 ± 0.01 | 28.4 | 31.6 | 28.8 | |
75–97 | 36.7 | 0.91 ± 0.01 | 43.9 | 35.3 | 41.1 | |
Education, % | 0.03 | |||||
Illiterate | 35.8 | 0.91 ± 0.01 | 40.6 | 34.7 | 39.0 | |
Primary school | 41.9 | 0.90 ± 0.01 | 50.5 | 43.8 | 34.0 | |
High school and above | 22.3 | 0.92 ± 0.01 | 8.91 | 21.5 | 27.0 | |
Ethnicity, % | <0.01 | |||||
Non indigenous | 97.8 | 0.91 ± 0.01 | 84.8 | 97.8 | 99.1 | |
Indigenous | 2.25 | 0.84 ± 0.02 | 15.2 | 2.21 | 0.95 | |
Live alone, % | 0.66 | |||||
No | 88.9 | 0.91 ± 0.01 | 85.9 | 88.4 | 91.1 | |
Yes | 11.1 | 0.90 ± 0.02 | 14.1 | 11.6 | 8.86 | |
Personal income (NTD/month), % | 0.06 | |||||
<5000 | 62.8 | 0.91 ± 0.01 | 69.5 | 63.1 | 61.2 | |
5000–19,999 | 26.1 | 0.90 ± 0.01 | 30.5 | 26.5 | 24.3 | |
≥20,000 | 11.1 | 0.93 ± 0.01 | -- | 10.4 | 14.4 | |
Smoking more than 6 months, % | 0.55 | |||||
No | 62.2 | 0.91 ± 0.0 | 59.7 | 63.7 | 57.1 | |
Former smoker | 14.8 | 0.91 ± 0.01 | 8.71 | 14.3 | 17.6 | |
Current smoker | 23.0 | 0.90 ± 0.01 | 31.6 | 22.1 | 25.3 | |
Alcohol drinker, % | 0.12 | |||||
Never drinker | 73.7 | 0.90 ± 0.01 | 77.8 | 74.7 | 69.6 | |
Former drinker | 7.54 | 0.92 ± 0.01 | 1.39 | 7.15 | 9.67 | |
Current drinker | 18.8 | 0.91 ± 0.01 | 20.8 | 18.2 | 20.8 | |
Chewing ability, % | 0.72 | |||||
Satisfactory | 66.2 | 0.91±0.01 | 58.1 | 66.1 | 67.2 | |
Unsatisfactory | 33.9 | 0.90±0.01 | 41.9 | 33.9 | 32.8 | |
Appetite, % | 0.90 | |||||
Good | 35.9 | 0.90 ± 0.01 | 35.6 | 36.8 | 33.0 | |
Fair | 58.3 | 0.91 ± 0.01 | 57.5 | 57.6 | 61.0 | |
Poor | 5.78 | 0.91 ± 0.01 | 6.87 | 5.69 | 5.99 | |
Body mass index (kg/m2), % | 0.97 | |||||
<18.5 | 6.26 | 0.90 ± 0.01 | 9.76 | 6.32 | 5.62 | |
18.5–23.9 | 49.5 | 0.90 ± 0.01 | 50.4 | 49.8 | 48.1 | |
24.0–26.9 | 28.0 | 0.91 ± 0.01 | 29.1 | 28.0 | 28.3 | |
≥27.0 | 16.2 | 0.91 ± 0.01 | 10.7 | 15.9 | 18.0 | |
MET (/day), % | 0.84 | |||||
<1.5 | 56.0 | 0.90 ± 0.01 | 57.1 | 56.7 | 53.1 | |
1.5–2.9 | 10.3 | 0.90 ± 0.01 | 14.5 | 10.1 | 10.4 | |
≥3 | 33.8 | 0.91 ± 0.01 | 28.4 | 33.2 | 36.5 | |
History of hypertension, % | 0.13 | |||||
No | 72.3 | 0.90 ± 0.01 | 69.4 | 73.9 | 66.6 | |
Yes | 27.7 | 0.92 ± 0.01 | 30.6 | 26.1 | 33.5 | |
Hyperglycemic, % | 0.19 | |||||
No (<126 mg/dL) | 91.9 | 0.88 ± 0.01 | 81.7 | 91.5 | 94.3 | |
Yes (≥126 mg/dL) | 8.14 | 0.91 ± 0.01 | 18.3 | 8.49 | 5.71 | |
Incident diabetes, % | 0.75 | |||||
No | 84.2 | 0.91 ± 0.01 | 78.6 | 84.0 | 85.6 | |
Yes | 15.8 | 0.90 ± 0.01 | 21.4 | 16.0 | 14.4 | |
Plasma glucose (mg/dL), mean ± SE | 106 ± 1.00 | 118 ± 13.6 | 106 ± 1.04 | 104 ± 2.16 | 0.53 | |
Serum C-reactive protein, mean ± SE | 0.42 ± 0.03 | 0.73 ± 0.26 | 0.42 ± 0.04 | 0.38 ± 0.04 | 0.42 | |
Serum creatinine (mg/dL), mean ± SE | 1.00 ± 0.02 | 1.01± 0.05 | 0.97 ± 0.02 a | 1.10 ± 0.04 a | 0.02 | |
Serum creatinine > 1.5 mg/dL, % | 5.75 | 0.94 | 4.35 | 11.5 | 0.01 | |
Dietary diversity score, mean ± SE | 4.60 ± 0.06 | 3.88 ± 0.19 ab | 4.57 ± 0.06 ac | 4.82 ± 0.09 bc | <0.01 | |
≤4, % | 44.0 | 0.89 ± 0.01 | 77.5 | 46.9 | 29.9 | <0.01 |
> 4, % | 56.0 | 0.92 ± 0.01 | 22.5 | 53.1 | 70.1 | |
Dietary intake from SFFQ (serving/day), mean ± SE | ||||||
Total grain | 11.6 ± 0.19 | 11.1 ± 0.96 | 11.7 ± 0.20 | 11.3 ± 0.34 | 0.38 | |
Whole grain | 0.35 ± 0.09 | 0.10 ± 0.10 | 0.31 ± 0.09 | 0.55 ± 0.18 | 0.15 | |
Dairy product | 0.84 ± 0.06 | 0.52 ± 0.18 | 0.83 ± 0.08 | 0.90 ± 0.07 | 0.17 | |
Vegetable | 2.64 ± 0.12 | 2.08 ± 0.22 a | 2.61 ± 0.12 | 2.80 ± 0.16 a | <0.05 | |
Fruit | 1.33 ± 0.06 | 0.95 ± 0.20 | 1.34 ± 0.07 | 1.34 ± 0.08 | 0.16 | |
Egg | 0.23 ± 0.02 | 0.12 ± 0.03 ab | 0.23 ± 0.02 a | 0.26 ± 0.02 b | <0.01 | |
Dietary information from 24 h recall, mean ± SE | ||||||
Total energy intake (kcal/day) | 1659 ± 50.3 | 1705 ± 132 | 1637 ± 47.9 | 1733 ± 90.3 | 0.38 | |
Nutrient intakes per 1000 kcal | ||||||
Fat (g) | 28.7 ± 0.66 | 25.7 ± 2.35 | 29.4 ± 0.79 a | 26.5 ± 0.66 a | <0.01 | |
Saturated fatty acid (mg) | 8666 ± 243 | 7202 ± 962 | 8850 ± 276 | 8148 ± 373 | 0.04 | |
Cholesterol (mg) | 130 ± 5.66 | 139 ± 17.9 | 130 ± 5.95 | 125 ± 11.0 | 0.82 | |
Dietary fiber (g) | 12.7 ± 0.57 | 11.0 ± 1.43 | 12.4 ± 0.70 | 13.8 ± 0.71 | 0.24 | |
Potassium (mg) | 1498 ± 46.4 | 1297 ± 151 | 1462 ± 42.0 | 1656 ± 89.4 | 0.04 | |
Calcium (mg) | 411 ± 18.1 | 277 ± 39.7 ab | 402 ± 15.2 a | 462 ± 48.6 b | 0.01 |
Plasma Mg (mmol/L) Hazard Ratio (95% Confidence Intervals) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Low (<0.75) | Normal (0.75–0.95) | High (>0.95) | p for trend | |
Incident diabetes | ||||
Person-years | 198.8 | 4412.4 | 1092.5 | |
No of events | 8 | 117 | 31 | |
Cumulative incidence rate/1000 person-years | 40.2 | 26.5 | 28.4 | |
Crude model | 1.63 (0.56–4.74) | 1.00 | 0.91 (0.58–1.40) | 0.45 |
Model 1 | 2.00 (0.66–6.08) | 1.00 | 0.95 (0.61–1.47) | 0.44 |
Model 2 | 2.01 (0.67–6.05) | 1.00 | 0.96 (0.61–1.51) | 0.44 |
Model 3 | 2.05 (0.68–6.15) | 1.00 | 0.91 (0.58–1.42) | 0.39 |
All-cause mortality | ||||
Person-years | 275.2 | 5779.6 | 1468.6 | |
No of events | 23 | 230 | 54 | |
Cumulative incidence rate/1000 person-years | 83.6 | 39.8 | 36.8 | |
Crude model | 1.53 (0.89–2.64) | 1.00 | 0.96 (0.70–1.32) | 0.49 |
Model 1 | 1.25 (0.83–1.86) | 1.00 | 0.86 (0.61–1.20) | 0.23 |
Model 2 | 1.24 (0.83–1.86) | 1.00 | 0.86 (0.61–1.21) | 0.24 |
Model 3 | 1.24 (0.85–1.81) | 1.00 | 0.70 (0.50–0.98) | 0.02 |
Cardiovascular mortality | ||||
Person-years | 219.1 | 4958.0 | 1269.6 | |
No of events | 8 | 63 | 13 | |
Cumulative incidence rate/1000 person-years | 36.5 | 12.7 | 10.2 | |
Crude model | 2.76 (0.98–7.79) | 1.00 | 0.84 (0.40–1.75) | 0.37 |
Model 1 | 2.24 (0.88–5.73) | 1.00 | 0.76 (0.36–1.60) | 0.25 |
Model 2 | 2.24 (0.88–5.74) | 1.00 | 0.75 (0.36–1.59) | 0.25 |
Model 3 | 2.28 (0.90–5.75) | 1.00 | 0.51 (0.20–1.26) | <0.05 |
4. Discussion
4.1. Main Findings
4.2. Mg and Diabetes Incidence
4.3. Mg and Mortality
4.4. Joint Effect
4.5. Sensitivity Analyses
4.6. Strengths and Limitations
4.7. Clinical Implications
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix
Order | ICD-9 Code | Cause-Specific Mortality | N | % |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 140–239 | Neoplasms | 136 | 30.33 |
2 | 390–459 | Diseases of the circulatory system | 124 | 23.6 |
3 | 460–519 | Acute respiratory infections | 66 | 14.3 |
4 | 780–799 | Symptoms, signs, and ill-defined conditions | 32 | 8.33 |
5 | 580–629 | Diseases of the genitourinary system | 19 | 5.36 |
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Huang, Y.-C.; Wahlqvist, M.L.; Kao, M.-D.; Wang, J.-L.; Lee, M.-S. Optimal Dietary and Plasma Magnesium Statuses Depend on Dietary Quality for a Reduction in the Risk of All-Cause Mortality in Older Adults. Nutrients 2015, 7, 5664-5683. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7075244
Huang Y-C, Wahlqvist ML, Kao M-D, Wang J-L, Lee M-S. Optimal Dietary and Plasma Magnesium Statuses Depend on Dietary Quality for a Reduction in the Risk of All-Cause Mortality in Older Adults. Nutrients. 2015; 7(7):5664-5683. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7075244
Chicago/Turabian StyleHuang, Yi-Chen, Mark L. Wahlqvist, Mei-Ding Kao, Jui-Lien Wang, and Meei-Shyuan Lee. 2015. "Optimal Dietary and Plasma Magnesium Statuses Depend on Dietary Quality for a Reduction in the Risk of All-Cause Mortality in Older Adults" Nutrients 7, no. 7: 5664-5683. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7075244