The Reliability and Validity of the Perceived Dietary Adherence Questionnaire for People with Type 2 Diabetes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Subjects
2.2. Perceived Dietary Adherence Questionnaire
Item | Response * |
---|---|
1. On how many of the last SEVEN DAYS have you followed a healthful eating plan such as Eating Well with Canada’s Food Guide with appropriate serving sizes? | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
2. On how many of the last SEVEN DAYS did you eat the number of fruit and vegetable servings you are supposed to eat based on Canada’s Food Guide? | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
3. On how many of the last SEVEN DAYS did you eat carbohydrate-containing foods with a low Glycemic Index? (Example: dried beans, lentils, barley, pasta, low fat dairy products) | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
4. On how many of the last SEVEN DAYS did you eat foods high in sugar, such as cakes, cookies, desserts, candies, etc.? | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
5. On how many of the last SEVEN DAYS did you eat foods high in fibre such as oatmeal, high fiber cereals, whole-grain breads? | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
6. On how many of the last SEVEN DAYS did you space carbohydrates evenly throughout the day? | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
7. On how many of the last SEVEN DAYS did you eat fish or other foods high in omega-3 fats? | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
8. On how many of the last SEVEN DAYS did you eat foods that contained or was prepared with canola, walnut, olive, or flax oils? | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
9. On how many of the last SEVEN DAYS did you eat foods high in fat (such as high fat dairy products, fatty meat, fried foods or deep fried foods)? | 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
2.3. Assessment of Dietary Intake
2.4. Statistical Methods
3. Results
Characteristics | Cohort I (n = 73) | Cohort II (n = 27) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 59.2 ± 9.7 | 62.8 ± 8.4 | 0.096 |
Duration of diabetes (years) | 9.1 ± 8.3 | 11.8 ± 7.8 | 0.127 |
Gender, % | |||
Male | 53.4% | 59.3% | |
Female | 46.6% | 40.7% | 0.603 |
Ethnicity, % | |||
White | 87.7% | 70.3% | 0.223 |
Other | 12.3% | 29.7% | |
Education, % | |||
High school or less | 15% | 7.4% | 0.376 |
More than high school | 85% | 92.6% | |
Employment, % | |||
Wages and salaries | 56.2% | 18.5% | 0.008 |
Household income, % | 0.688 | ||
≤$59,999 | 21.9% | 18.5% | |
≥$60,000 | 78.1% | 81.5% |
PDAQ Item | PDAQ Score (Mean ± SD) (Maximum 7) | 24 h Dietary Recall Item | Intake (Mean ± SD) | Linear Correlation Coefficient Between PDAQ Score and Intake |
---|---|---|---|---|
Following CFG | 3.0 ± 2.5 | Servings from the four food groups | 15.8 ± 3.7 | 0.33 * |
F&V servings | 4.1 ± 2.3 | F&V servings | 4.9 ± 1.9 | 0.30 * |
Low GI | 3.6 ± 1.9 | Glycemic load | 49.5 ± 4.8 | −0.30 * |
High sugar foods | 2.7 ± 2.2 | Added sugar (g) | 47.4 ± 37.1 | 0.40 ** |
High fiber foods | 5.0 ± 1.9 | Servings of whole grain foods | 5.6 ± 2.2 | 0.46 *** |
Carb spacing | 3.5 ± 2.6 | At least 15 g carbohydrate per meal (maximum 6) | 4.3 ± 0.8 | 0.24 |
n-3 FA | 1.7 ± 1.6 | n-3 PUFA (g) | 0.7 ± 2.1 | 0.11 |
Healthy oils | 3.0 ± 2.5 | MUFA (g) | 28.7 ± 11.2 | 0.15 |
High fat foods | 2.6 ± 1.7 | Total fat (g) | 83.9 ± 30.7 | 0.35 ** |
PDAQ Item | CFG |
---|---|
CFG | -- |
F&V servings | 0.604 ** |
Low GI | 0.280 * |
High sugar foods | −0.368 ** |
High fiber foods | 0.414 ** |
Carb spacing | 0.594 ** |
n-3 FA | 0.272 * |
Healthy oils | 0.19 |
High fat foods | −0.453 ** |
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Asaad, G.; Sadegian, M.; Lau, R.; Xu, Y.; Soria-Contreras, D.C.; Bell, R.C.; Chan, C.B. The Reliability and Validity of the Perceived Dietary Adherence Questionnaire for People with Type 2 Diabetes. Nutrients 2015, 7, 5484-5496. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7075231
Asaad G, Sadegian M, Lau R, Xu Y, Soria-Contreras DC, Bell RC, Chan CB. The Reliability and Validity of the Perceived Dietary Adherence Questionnaire for People with Type 2 Diabetes. Nutrients. 2015; 7(7):5484-5496. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7075231
Chicago/Turabian StyleAsaad, Ghada, Maryam Sadegian, Rita Lau, Yunke Xu, Diana C. Soria-Contreras, Rhonda C. Bell, and Catherine B. Chan. 2015. "The Reliability and Validity of the Perceived Dietary Adherence Questionnaire for People with Type 2 Diabetes" Nutrients 7, no. 7: 5484-5496. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7075231