Postprandial Responses to Lipid and Carbohydrate Ingestion in Repeated Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Biopsies in Healthy Adults
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Participants
2.2. Experimental Design
2.3. Beverage Preparation (Table S1)
2.4. Serum Insulin and Adipokine Analysis
2.5. Metabolomics Analysis
2.6. RNA Extraction
2.7. Reverse Transcription and Real-Time-PCR
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Participants’ Baseline Characteristics
Total | Placebo | Carbohydrate | Lipid | p-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | 12 | 3 | 4 | 5 | |
Female | 21 | 8 | 7 | 6 | |
Age (year) | 24.5 ± 3.3 | 24.8 ± 3.1 | 23.9 ± 2.9 | 24.6 ± 3.9 | |
Height (cm) | 171.2 ± 12.1 | 170.7 ± 10.3 | 168.3 ± 9.2 | 174.6 ± 15.6 | 0.802 |
Weight (cm) | 71.0 ± 12.2 | 70.4 ± 11.5 | 67.8 ± 11.5 | 74.9 ± 12.9 | 0.476 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.1 ± 2.7 | 24.0 ± 1.8 | 23.8 ± 3.0 | 24.6 ± 3.2 | 0.390 |
Waist (cm) | 80.3 ± 7.9 | 79.7 ± 6.3 | 79.7 ± 10.2 | 81.4 ± 7.1 | 0.802 |
Hip (cm) | 95.0 ± 7.5 | 95.8 ± 6.3 | 93.4 ± 7.3 | 95.6 ± 9.0 | 0.859 |
WHR | 0.85 ± 0.06 | 0.83 ± 0.05 | 0.85 ± 0.08 | 0.85 ± 0.06 | 0.715 |
Serum Adipokines | |||||
Leptin (ng/mL) | 11.1 ± 10.6 | 9.8 ± 2.5 | 12.6 ± 4.5 | 12.4 ± 4.4 | 0.854 |
Adiponectin (µg/mL) | 7.1 ± 3.5 | 8.4 ± 4.0 | 5.4 ± 2.6 | 7.6 ± 3.4 | 0.203 |
TNF-α (pg/mL) | 2.7 ± 1.1 | 2.3 ± 1.3 | 3.0 ± 0.9 | 2.7 ± 1.2 | 0.514 |
3.2. Serum Analytes Respond Differently to Beverages Differing in Macronutrient Content
3.3. Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Inflammatory Gene Expression Levels Were Equally Increased after Placebo, Carbohydrate and Lipid Beverages
Placebo | Carbohydrate | Lipid | P1 | P2 | P3 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adipokines | |||||||
Leptin | 2 h | 0.69 ± 0.09 | 1.01 ± 0.12 | 1.03 ± 0.13 | 0.129 | 0.001 | 0.027 |
4 h | 0.57 ± 0.07 | 0.85 ± 0.10 | 0.86 ± 0.11 | ||||
Adiponectin | 2 h | 0.86 ± 0.08 | 0.69 ± 0.08 | 0.88 ± 0.17 | 0.658 | 0.007 | 0.389 |
4 h | 0.84 ± 0.09 | 0.67 ± 0.07 | 0.90 ± 0.20 | ||||
Resistin | 2 h | 1.07 ± 0.08 | 1.39 ± 0.20 | 1.17 ± 0.15 | 0.716 | 0.079 | 0.328 |
4 h | 0.90 ± 0.08 | 1.13 ± 0.21 | 1.04 ± 0.18 | ||||
Chemerin | 2 h | 0.90 ± 0.07 | 1.09 ± 0.08 | 0.89 ± 0.09 | 0.424 | 0.105 | 0.291 |
4 h | 0.80 ± 0.06 | 0.92 ± 0.10 | 0.91 ± 0.12 | ||||
Visfatin | 2 h | 3.59 ± 0.73 | 4.19 ± 1.10 | 4.74 ± 1.04 | 0.803 | <0.0001 | 0.718 |
4 h | 6.51 ± 1.29 | 5.41 ± 1.43 | 7.10 ± 1.45 | ||||
PAI-1 | 2 h | 1.16 ± 0.15 | 1.08 ± 0.14 | 1.09 ± 0.20 | 0.830 | 0.064 | 0.978 |
4 h | 0.83 ± 0.11 | 0.96 ± 0.11 | 0.97 ± 0.13 | ||||
Inflammatory Molecules | |||||||
MCP1 | 2 h | 27.1 ± 6.6 | 34.7 ± 11.8 | 47.3 ± 12.7 | 0.886 | <0.0001 | 0.832 |
4 h | 80.8 ± 20.8 | 69.0 ± 21.6 | 78.8 ± 22.6 | ||||
TNF-α | 2 h | 3.65 ± 1.04 | 3.31 ± 0.74 | 2.89 ± 0.47 | 0.565 | <0.0001 | 0.701 |
4 h | 2.05 ± 0.46 | 3.14 ± 0.54 | 2.35 ± 0.37 | ||||
IL-6 | 2 h | 83.3 ± 28.9 | 241.9 ± 106.4 | 258.0 ± 101.3 | 0.414 | <0.0001 | 0.602 |
4 h | 259.7 ± 65.3 | 359.7 ± 138.4 | 241.7 ± 80.5 | ||||
CD68 | 2 h | 0.87 ± 0.15 | 0.73 ± 0.10 | 0.73 ± 0.10 | 0.243 | 0.042 | 0.280 |
4 h | 1.06 ± 0.19 | 0.98 ± 0.18 | 0.63 ± 0.12 |
3.4. Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Adipokine Gene Expression Levels Differed in Response to Energy/Nutrient-Containing Beverages Compared with the Placebo
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Files
Supplementary File 1Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Dordevic, A.L.; Pendergast, F.J.; Morgan, H.; Villas-Boas, S.; Caldow, M.K.; Larsen, A.E.; Sinclair, A.J.; Cameron-Smith, D. Postprandial Responses to Lipid and Carbohydrate Ingestion in Repeated Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Biopsies in Healthy Adults. Nutrients 2015, 7, 5347-5361. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7075224
Dordevic AL, Pendergast FJ, Morgan H, Villas-Boas S, Caldow MK, Larsen AE, Sinclair AJ, Cameron-Smith D. Postprandial Responses to Lipid and Carbohydrate Ingestion in Repeated Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Biopsies in Healthy Adults. Nutrients. 2015; 7(7):5347-5361. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7075224
Chicago/Turabian StyleDordevic, Aimee L., Felicity J. Pendergast, Han Morgan, Silas Villas-Boas, Marissa K. Caldow, Amy E. Larsen, Andrew J. Sinclair, and David Cameron-Smith. 2015. "Postprandial Responses to Lipid and Carbohydrate Ingestion in Repeated Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Biopsies in Healthy Adults" Nutrients 7, no. 7: 5347-5361. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7075224