Assessment of Information to Substantiate a Health Claim on the Prevention of Prostate Cancer by Lignans
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Epidemiological Studies on Lignans and Prostate Cancer Risk
Type of Study | Study population | Outcome | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
Nested Case-Control | Multiethnic cohort in Hawaii and Califormia, 249 cases, 404 controls | No association between urinary ENL excretion and prostate cancer risk. | [68] |
Nested Case-Control | EPIC cohort, 950 cases, 1042 controls | No association between plasma enterodiol or ENL and prostate cancer risk. | [13] |
Nested Case-Control | EPIC-Norfolk cohort, 193 cases, 828 controls | No association between prostate cancer risk and total serum lignans or enterodiol or ENL. | [20] |
Prospective | British men, 191 prostate cancer patients, 71 progressed diseases during median of 2.5 years follow-up | No association of baseline urinary ENL levels with time to disease progression. No association between adverse histology on repeat biopsy or PSA velocity and urinary ENL. | [69] |
Case-Control | Scottish men, 50-74 y, 433 cases, 483 controls | Inverse association with increased serum concentrations of ENL and prostate cancer risk. | [19] |
Case-Control | Swedish men, 35-79 y, 1499 cases, 1130 controls; 209 cases, 214 controls for assessment of serum enterolactone | No association between dietary intake of total or individual lignans or isoflavonoids and risk of prostate cancer. Intermediate serum levels of ENL were associated with a decreased risk of prostate cancer. | [15] |
Case-Control | Men in Western New York, 433 cases, 538 controls | Reduced risk of prostate cancer in men in the highest quartile of intake of total lignan precursors* compared with men in the lowest quartile of intake. | [2] |
Prospective | Swedish men, 265 cases, 525 controls. Mean follow-up 5 years | No significant association between quartiles of plasma ENL and risk of prostate cancer. | [18] |
Nested Case-Control | Finnish male smokers, 50-69 y, 214 cases, 214 controls | No association between serum ENL concentrations and prostate cancer risk. | [17] |
Case-Control | Caucasian men in Texas, 83 cases, 107 controls | No association between high intake of lignans** and prostate cancer risk. | [14] |
Nested Case-Control | Finnish, Norwegian and Swedish men, 794 cases, 2550 controls | No association between serum ENL concentrations and prostate cancer risk in full study group or in national groups. | [16] |
3. Preclinical in vivo Studies of Lignans and Lignan-Rich Foods
4. Potential Mechanisms of Action of Lignans in Prostate Cancer
5. Surrogate Endpoints for Clinical Interventions
6. Clinical Intervention Studies
Study subjects | Intervention | n | Duration | Effects of intervention | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Men with PIN scheduled repeated biopsies | Flaxseed 30 g/day combined with low-fat (≤20% of kcal) diet | 15 | 6 months | Decreased serum total PSA and proliferation rate of benign epithelium. | [63] |
PC patients awaiting prostatectomy | Flaxseed 30 g/day combined with low-fat (≤20% of kcal) diet | 25 | average 34 days | Significant decrease in total testosterone and free androgen indices. Among men with Gleason sums of ≤ 6 decreased tumor proliferation index. Increased tumor apoptotic scores in flaxseed group compared to historic controls. | [64] |
PC patients awaiting for prostatectomy | Control (usual) diet | 41 | average 30 days | Significantly reduced tumor proliferation rates with flaxseed supplemented diets. | [65] |
Flaxseed 30 g/day diet | 40 | ||||
low-fat (≤ 20% of kcal) diet | 40 | ||||
Flaxseed 30 g/day combined with low-fat diet | 40 |
7. More Information is Needed For a Health Claim
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Saarinen, N.M.; Tuominen, J.; Pylkkänen, L.; Santti, R. Assessment of Information to Substantiate a Health Claim on the Prevention of Prostate Cancer by Lignans. Nutrients 2010, 2, 99-115. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu2020099
Saarinen NM, Tuominen J, Pylkkänen L, Santti R. Assessment of Information to Substantiate a Health Claim on the Prevention of Prostate Cancer by Lignans. Nutrients. 2010; 2(2):99-115. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu2020099
Chicago/Turabian StyleSaarinen, Niina M., Juhani Tuominen, Liisa Pylkkänen, and Risto Santti. 2010. "Assessment of Information to Substantiate a Health Claim on the Prevention of Prostate Cancer by Lignans" Nutrients 2, no. 2: 99-115. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu2020099