Do Pregnant Women and Those at Risk of Developing Post-Natal Depression Consume Lower Amounts of Long Chain Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Subject Recruitment
2.2. Administration of the Demographic and LC n-3 PUFA Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) to Pregnant and Non-Pregnant Women
2.3. Analysis of Daily LC n-3 PUFA Intakes
2.4. The Australian National Nutrition Survey 1995 (NNS95)
2.5. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS)
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Study Participants
Pregnant women | Non-Pregnant Women (n 33) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristics | (n) | Mean | ± SD | Range | Mean | ± SD | Range |
Age (years) | 94 | 28 | ± 5 | 18-41 | 33 | ± 11 | 21–55 |
Height (cm) | 78 | 164 | ± 8 | 146-180 | 162 | ± 8 | 145–176 |
Weight (kg) | 86 | 79 | ± 20 | 45-144 | 61 | ± 11 | 43–90 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 75 | 29 | ± 7 | 20-54 | 23 | ± 3 | 19–31 |
Pregnancy Stage (weeks) | 94 | 20 | ± 5 | 10-34 | N/A 3 |
3.2. LC n-3 Intakes for Pregnant Women, and Non- Pregnant Women and Women from the NNS95
Pregnant women (n 94) | Non-pregnant women (n 33) | NNS 95 (n 5770) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fatty Acid | Mean | SEM | Median | Range | Mean | SEM | Median | Range | Mean | SEM |
EPA mg/day | 79 | 6 | 72 | 4–321 | 69 | 10 | 53 | 0–294 | 60 | 2 |
DPA mg/day | 85* | 6 | 75 | 3–422 | 49* | 7 | 35 | 0–146 | 52 | 1 |
DHA mg/day | 99 | 9 | 75 | 6–579 | 124 | 21 | 106 | 0–673 | 83 | 3 |
LC n-3 PUFA mg/day | 263 | 19 | 235 | 16-1080 | 241 | 36 | 189 | 0–1110 | 195 | 5 |
3.3. Contribution of LC n-3 PUFA Foods
Fatty Acid for food group | Mean | SEM | Median | Range |
---|---|---|---|---|
Meat, fish and eggs (n 94) | ||||
EPA | 79 | 6 | 72 | 4–321 |
DPA | 85 | 6 | 75 | 3–422 |
DHA | 99 | 9 | 75 | 6–579 |
Total LC n-3 PUFA | 263 | 19 | 235 | 16–1080 |
Enriched Foods (n 45) | ||||
EPA | 11 | 2 | 6 | 0.22–40 |
DPA | 3 | 0.5 | 1 | 0–16 |
DHA | 38 | 5 | 27 | 0.9–181 |
Total LC n-3 PUFA | 51 | 7 | 33 | 1–234 |
Fish oil supplements (n 5) | ||||
EPA | 54 | 10 | 64 | 16–64 |
DPA | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
DHA | 213 | 38 | 250 | 63–250 |
Total LC n-3 PUFA | 267 | 47 | 314 | 79–314 |
Meat, fish, eggs, enriched foods and fish oil supplements (n 94) | ||||
EPA | 87 | 6 | 75 | 5-321 |
DPA | 86 | 6 | 76 | 4-422 |
DHA | 128 | 11 | 96 | 8-632 |
Total LC n-3 PUFA | 302 | 20 | 268 | 17-1145 |
3.4. Differences in Food Intakes for Women ‘at risk’ and ‘not at risk’ of Developing post Natal Depression
Fatty acid | Women ‘not at risk’ of developing PND (n 76) | Women ‘at risk’ of developing PND (n 18) | P value* | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SEM | Median | Mean | SEM | Median | ||
EPA mg/day | 87 | 7 | 78 | 91 | 14 | 70 | 0.90 |
DPA mg/day | 84 | 7 | 77 | 94 | 12 | 76 | 0.55 |
DHA mg/day | 123 | 11 | 96 | 150 | 37 | 106 | 0.92 |
LC n-3 PUFA mg/day | 294 | 21 | 270 | 344 | 60 | 253 | 0.77 |
4. Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
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Cosatto, V.F.; Else, P.L.; Meyer, B.J. Do Pregnant Women and Those at Risk of Developing Post-Natal Depression Consume Lower Amounts of Long Chain Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids? Nutrients 2010, 2, 198-213. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu2020198
Cosatto VF, Else PL, Meyer BJ. Do Pregnant Women and Those at Risk of Developing Post-Natal Depression Consume Lower Amounts of Long Chain Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids? Nutrients. 2010; 2(2):198-213. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu2020198
Chicago/Turabian StyleCosatto, Victoria F., Paul L. Else, and Barbara J. Meyer. 2010. "Do Pregnant Women and Those at Risk of Developing Post-Natal Depression Consume Lower Amounts of Long Chain Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids?" Nutrients 2, no. 2: 198-213. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu2020198