Effect of the Glycemic Index of Carbohydrates on Acne vulgaris
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Subjects
2.2. Study protocol
2.3. Diets
2.4. Assessment of acne severity
2.5. Blood analysis
2.6. Statistical analysis
3. Results and Discussion
Low GI, n = 23 | High GI, n = 20 | P | |
---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SEM | Mean ± SEM | ||
Age (y) | 16.6 ± 0.2 | 16.5 ± 0.3 | 0.92 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.0 ± 1.0 a | 23.1 ± 0.6 b | 0.45 |
Weight (kg) | 76.0 ± 3.3 | 75.4 ± 1.8 | 0.87 |
Facial acne score/3 | 2.1 ± 0.1 | 1.9 ± 0.2 | 0.30 |
Glucose (mmol/L) | 4.7 ± 0.1 c | 4.8 ± 0.1 | 0.54 |
Insulin (pmol/L) | 22.7 ± 4.1 c | 22.9 ± 2.3 | 0.98 |
HOMA-IR | 0.7 ± 0.1 c | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 0.51 |
Testosterone (nmol/L) | 34.3 ± 1.8 c | 32.4 ± 1.6 | 0.43 |
SHBG (nmol/L) | 23.7 ± 2.4 c | 26.4 ± 2.1 | 0.59 |
FAI (nmol/L) | 177.7 ± 20.6 c | 142.6 ± 12.7 | 0.16 |
DHEA-S (µmol/L) | 5.9 ± 0.6 c | 4.5 ± 0.4 | 0.04 |
IGF-1 (nmol/L) | 56.6 ± 4.7 c | 57.8 ± 3.6 | 0.84 |
IGFBP-1 (ng/mL) | 33.4 ± 6.0 c | 30.8 ± 3.1 | 0.71 |
IGFBP-3 (µg/mL) | 6.2 ± 0.3 c | 6.3 ± 0.4 | 0.84 |
Low GI, n = 20 a | High GI, n = 17 b | p | |
---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SEM | Mean ± SEM | ||
E (kJ) | 8164 ± 584 | 9417 ± 571 | 0.14 |
Protein (%E) | 21 ± 1 | 19 ± 1 | 0.06 |
Fat (%E) | 34 ± 1 | 36 ± 1 | 0.11 |
Monounsaturated fat (%E) | 13 ± 0 | 13 ± 0 | 0.46 |
Polyunsaturated fat (%E) | 4 ± 0 | 4 ± 0 | 0.85 |
Saturated fat (%E) | 13 ± 0 | 15 ± 1 | 0.01 |
Carbohydrate (%E) | 39 ± 2 | 42 ± 2 | 0.25 |
Fiber (g) | 16 ± 2 | 15 ± 1 | 0.5 |
Zinc (mg) | 13 ± 1 | 14 ± 1 | 0.44 |
Calcium (mg) | 640 ± 67 | 796 ± 83 | 0.15 |
Glycemic index | 51 ± 1 | 61 ± 2 | 0.0002 |
Glycemic load | 102 ± 9 | 157 ± 18 | 0.01 |
Diet | Mean ± SEM | p 2 | Covariate and (p value) 3 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Facial acne 4 | Low GI | −0.65 ± 0.14 | 0.15 | |
High GI | −0.35 ± 0.15 | |||
Facial acne 5 | Low GI | −0.61 ± 0.13 | 0.28 | −0.42 (0.004) |
High GI | −0.40 ± 0.14 |
Diet | Mean ± SEM | p 2 | p 3 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Glucose (mmol/L) | Low GI | −0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.58 | 0.74 |
High GI | −0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.32 | ||
Insulin (pmol/L) | Low GI | 5.5 ± 3.0 | 0.09 | 0.49 |
High GI | 2.3 ± 3.2 | 0.27 | ||
HOMA-IR | Low GI | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 0.10 | 0.60 |
High GI | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.39 | ||
Testosterone (nmol/L) | Low GI | 3.4 ± 1.8 | 0.07 | 0.50 |
High GI | 5.0 ± 1.7 | 0.03 | ||
SHBG (nmol/L) | Low GI | 0.4 ± 1.2 | 0.71 | 0.75 |
High GI | −0.1 ± 1.0 | 0.81 | ||
FAI (nmol/L) | Low GI | 14.4 ± 10.3 | 0.17 | 0.92 |
High GI | 11.4 ± 7.9 | 0.16 | ||
DHEA-S (µmol/L) | Low GI | 0.2 ± 0.2 | 0.35 | 0.86 |
High GI | 0.3 ± 0.2 | 0.17 | ||
IGF-1 (nmol/L) | Low GI | 1.8 ± 1.9 | 0.35 | 0.10 |
High GI | 1.9 ± 2.4 | 0.43 | ||
IGFBP-1 (ng/mL) | Low GI | −6.2 ± 3.7 | 0.11 | 0.02 |
High GI | 4.0 ± 2.6 | 0.14 | ||
IGFBP-3 (µg/mL) | Low GI | −0.3 ± 0.4 | 0.46 | 0.86 |
High GI | −0.1 ± 0.2 | 0.58 |
4. Conclusions
Conflict of Interest
Acknowledgements
References
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Reynolds, R.C.; Lee, S.; Choi, J.Y.J.; Atkinson, F.S.; Stockmann, K.S.; Petocz, P.; Brand-Miller, J.C. Effect of the Glycemic Index of Carbohydrates on Acne vulgaris. Nutrients 2010, 2, 1060-1072. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu2101060
Reynolds RC, Lee S, Choi JYJ, Atkinson FS, Stockmann KS, Petocz P, Brand-Miller JC. Effect of the Glycemic Index of Carbohydrates on Acne vulgaris. Nutrients. 2010; 2(10):1060-1072. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu2101060
Chicago/Turabian StyleReynolds, Rebecca C., Stephen Lee, James Y. J. Choi, Fiona S. Atkinson, Karola S. Stockmann, Peter Petocz, and Jennie C. Brand-Miller. 2010. "Effect of the Glycemic Index of Carbohydrates on Acne vulgaris" Nutrients 2, no. 10: 1060-1072. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu2101060
APA StyleReynolds, R. C., Lee, S., Choi, J. Y. J., Atkinson, F. S., Stockmann, K. S., Petocz, P., & Brand-Miller, J. C. (2010). Effect of the Glycemic Index of Carbohydrates on Acne vulgaris. Nutrients, 2(10), 1060-1072. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu2101060