Greater Numbers of Chews and Bites and Slow External Rhythmic Stimulation Prolong Meal Duration in Healthy Subjects
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Subjects
2.2. Measurement of Meal Duration, Numbers of Chews and Bites, and Eating Tempo
2.3. BDHQ (Brief-Type Self-Administered Diet History Questionnaire)
2.4. Handgrip Strength and Five-Times Sit-to-Stand Test
2.5. Experiments
2.6. Statistics
3. Results
3.1. Background of the Subjects in This Study
3.2. The Meal Duration Was Associated with the Numbers of Chews and Bites but Not the Average Eating Tempo
3.3. The Slow Rhythm Produced by the Metronome More Potently Prolonged the Meal Duration and Increased the Numbers of Chews and Bites by Decreasing the Chewing Tempo
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total (n = 33) | Male (n = 15) | Female (n = 18) | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 37.2 (11.1) | 37.1 (11.3) | 37.3 (11.2) | 0.95 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 23.0 (3.2) | 24.1 (3.1) | 22.0 (3.0) | 0.07 |
Handgrip strength (kg) | 33.5 (8.5) | 41.0 (5.2) | 27.2 (5.0) | <0.001 |
Five-times sit-to-stand test (s) | 7.0 (1.1) | 6.9 (1.2) | 7.0 (1.0) | 0.83 |
Meal duration (s) | 76.3 (24.8) | 63.1 (20.7) | 87.4 (22.8) | 0.003 |
Number of chews | 94.8 (35.2) | 80.3 (28.7) | 107.0 (36.1) | 0.02 |
Chewing Tempo (bpm) | 81.6 (10.8) | 83.6 (9.3) | 79.9 (11.9) | 0.32 |
Number of bites | 3.4 (2.4) | 2.1 (1.1) | 4.5 (2.6) | 0.001 |
Total energy (kcal) | 1504.0 (427.4) | 1626.7 (508.3) | 1401.7 (342.2) | 0.14 |
Protein intake (g) | 54.1 (17.8) | 55.8 (15.9) | 52.7 (19.9) | 0.63 |
Fat intake (g) | 47.1 (15.22) | 47.5 (16.1) | 46.7 (15.4) | 0.88 |
Carbohydrate intake (g) | 194.8 (63.0) | 215.2 (81.9) | 177.8 (38.7) | 0.095 |
Dietary fiber intake (g) | 8.3 (3.2) | 8.5 (3.3) | 8.1 (3.3) | 0.76 |
Dependent Value | Meal Duration | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | ||||||
Independent Value | β [95% CI] | p | β [95% CI] | p | β [95% CI] | p | β [95% CI] | p | β [95% CI] | p |
Number of chews | 0.6 [0.4, 0.7] | <0.001 | ||||||||
Eating tempo (bpm) | −0.002 [−0.8, 0.8] | 0.99 | ||||||||
Number of bites | 5.8 [2.5, 9.2] | 0.001 | ||||||||
BMI (kg/m2) | −0.9 [−3.5, 1.8] | 0.52 | ||||||||
Five-times sit-to-stand test (s) | 3.4 [−4.0, 10.8] | 0.36 | ||||||||
Sex (M: 1, F: 0) | −9.3 [−18.5, −0.1] | 0.047 | −24.3 [−40.4, −8.2] | 0.004 | −10.1 [−25.6, 5.5] | 0.2 | −22.5 [−39.2, −5.9] | 0.01 | −24.0 [−39.6, −8.3] | 0.004 |
Dependent Value | Meal Duration | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | ||||||
Independent Value | β [95% CI] | p | β [95% CI] | p | β [95% CI] | p | β [95% CI] | p | β [95% CI] | p |
Energy (kcal) | 0.01 [−0.007, 0.03] | 0.21 | ||||||||
Protein (g) | 0.4 [−0.05, 0.8] | 0.08 | ||||||||
Fat (g) | 0.4 [−0.08, 0.9] | 0.1 | ||||||||
Carbo-hydrate (g) | 0.06 [−0.07, 0.2] | 0.36 | ||||||||
Dietary fiber (g) | 1.4 [−1.0, 3.9] | 0.24 | ||||||||
Sex (M: 1, F: 0) | 26.9 [10.9, 42.9] | 0.002 | 25.4 [10.3, 40.6] | 0.002 | 24.6 [9.5, 39.8] | 0 | 26.4 [10.1, 42.8] | 0.002 | 24.8 [9.3, 40.3] | 0.003 |
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Aoshima, M.; Deguchi, K.; Yamamoto-Wada, R.; Ushiroda, C.; Hiraiwa, E.; Yokoi, M.; Ono, C.; Yoshida, M.; Iizuka, K. Greater Numbers of Chews and Bites and Slow External Rhythmic Stimulation Prolong Meal Duration in Healthy Subjects. Nutrients 2025, 17, 962. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17060962
Aoshima M, Deguchi K, Yamamoto-Wada R, Ushiroda C, Hiraiwa E, Yokoi M, Ono C, Yoshida M, Iizuka K. Greater Numbers of Chews and Bites and Slow External Rhythmic Stimulation Prolong Meal Duration in Healthy Subjects. Nutrients. 2025; 17(6):962. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17060962
Chicago/Turabian StyleAoshima, Megumi, Kanako Deguchi, Risako Yamamoto-Wada, Chihiro Ushiroda, Eri Hiraiwa, Miyuki Yokoi, Chisato Ono, Mitsuyoshi Yoshida, and Katsumi Iizuka. 2025. "Greater Numbers of Chews and Bites and Slow External Rhythmic Stimulation Prolong Meal Duration in Healthy Subjects" Nutrients 17, no. 6: 962. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17060962
APA StyleAoshima, M., Deguchi, K., Yamamoto-Wada, R., Ushiroda, C., Hiraiwa, E., Yokoi, M., Ono, C., Yoshida, M., & Iizuka, K. (2025). Greater Numbers of Chews and Bites and Slow External Rhythmic Stimulation Prolong Meal Duration in Healthy Subjects. Nutrients, 17(6), 962. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17060962