Psychobiotic Protection of Nutritional Supplements and Probiotics in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis: A Randomized Trial
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design
- Control (C): received individualized dietary recommendations.
- ONS + placebo (SU-PL): received ONS and dietary recommendations.
- ONS+ probiotics (SU-PR): received ONS with probiotics and dietary recommendations.
2.2. Outcomes
2.2.1. Blood Biomarkers
2.2.2. Psychological Questionnaires
2.2.3. DNA Sequencing
2.2.4. Bioinformatics Analysis
2.2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Effects on Clinical Parameters by Group
3.2. Effects on Mental Health Parameters by Group
3.3. Effects on Gut Microbiota and Their Association with Clinical Outcomes
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Control | SU-PL | SU-PR | p-Values | |
---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 11) | (n = 10) | (n = 10) | ||
Age (years) m ± ds | 76.3 ± 8.7 | 65.1 ± 18.4 | 66 ± 18.5 | ns |
Sex, women % (n) | 27 (3) | 20 (2) | 30 (3) | ns |
Diabetes mellitus % (n) | 36.4 (4) | 40 (4) | 30 (3) | ns |
Antibiotic treatment in the last month | 9.1 (1) | 20 (2) | 10 (1) | ns |
Consumption of yogurt or fermented milk in the last month % (n) | 63.6 (7) | 60 (6) | 60 (6) | ns |
Charlson comorbidity index. m ± ds | 4 ± 2.31 | 5.1 ± 2.02 | 4.18 ± 2.6 | ns |
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Climent, E.; Hevilla, F.; Padial, M.; Barril-Cuadrado, G.; Blanca, M.; Jiménez-Salcedo, T.; López-Picasso, M.; Nogueira-Pérez, Á.; Olveira, G. Psychobiotic Protection of Nutritional Supplements and Probiotics in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis: A Randomized Trial. Nutrients 2025, 17, 652. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17040652
Climent E, Hevilla F, Padial M, Barril-Cuadrado G, Blanca M, Jiménez-Salcedo T, López-Picasso M, Nogueira-Pérez Á, Olveira G. Psychobiotic Protection of Nutritional Supplements and Probiotics in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis: A Randomized Trial. Nutrients. 2025; 17(4):652. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17040652
Chicago/Turabian StyleCliment, Eric, Francisco Hevilla, Marina Padial, Guillermina Barril-Cuadrado, María Blanca, Tamara Jiménez-Salcedo, Maria López-Picasso, Ángel Nogueira-Pérez, and Gabriel Olveira. 2025. "Psychobiotic Protection of Nutritional Supplements and Probiotics in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis: A Randomized Trial" Nutrients 17, no. 4: 652. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17040652
APA StyleCliment, E., Hevilla, F., Padial, M., Barril-Cuadrado, G., Blanca, M., Jiménez-Salcedo, T., López-Picasso, M., Nogueira-Pérez, Á., & Olveira, G. (2025). Psychobiotic Protection of Nutritional Supplements and Probiotics in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis: A Randomized Trial. Nutrients, 17(4), 652. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17040652