Next Article in Journal
Estimating Caloric Intake per Breastfeeding Session in Infants: A Probabilistic Approach
Previous Article in Journal
Impact of Nutritional Status on Clinical Outcomes of Patients Undergoing PRGF Treatment for Knee Osteoarthritis—A Prospective Observational Study
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Nutrients
Volume 17
Issue 19
10.3390/nu17193131
nutrients-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Dynamic Variations in Endogenous Peptides in Chinese Human Milk Across Lactation and Geographical Regions

by
Baorong Chen
1,†,
Kaifeng Li
2,†,
Xiaodan Wang
1,
Wenyuan Zhang
1,
Sun Han
2,
Yumeng Zhang
1,
Yunna Wang
1,
Xiaoyang Pang
1,
Qinggang Xie
2,
Jing Lu
3,
Shilong Jiang
2,*,
Shuwen Zhang
1,* and
Jiaping Lv
1
1
Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100193, China
2
Feihe Research Institute, Heilongjiang Feihe Dairy Co., Ltd., Beijing 100016, China
3
Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center for Food Additives, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Nutrients 2025, 17(19), 3131; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17193131
Submission received: 2 September 2025 / Revised: 19 September 2025 / Accepted: 29 September 2025 / Published: 30 September 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Explore the Nutritional Composition of Human Milk and Its Impact on Infant Formula Development and Human Health)
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

Background/Objectives: This study characterized the endogenous peptide profile of human milk from a Chinese multicenter cohort (n = 200 mothers) using the Orbitrap Fusion Lumos LC-MS/MS. Methods: Samples were collected across different lactation stages (2 and 6 months postpartum) and seven geographic regions (Beijing, Chengdu, Guangzhou, Jinhua, Lanzhou, Weihai, and Zhengzhou). Results: In total, 6960 peptides derived from 621 proteins were identified. Peptides from the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (PIGR) were more abundant in the 2nd month than the 6th month, providing a high antimicrobial activity and immune functions for the infants. Moreover, region-specific variations were observed, with milk from Lanzhou exhibiting significantly higher levels of β-casein (CASB) and butyrophilin subfamily 1 member A1 (BTN1A1) peptides compared to other cities. Conclusions: Furthermore, maternal dietary intake of oils and total fat correlated positively with the intensity of specific antimicrobial peptides, including CASB_199–216, CASB_200–226, and CASB_201–226. Infant growth parameters were inversely correlated with several antimicrobial peptides, although CASB_200–225 demonstrated positive associations. These findings offer novel insights into the dynamics of endogenous peptides in human milk and may guide breastfeeding recommendations and infant formula design.
Keywords: human milk; endogenous peptides; lactation; Chinese cities; maternal diet human milk; endogenous peptides; lactation; Chinese cities; maternal diet

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Chen, B.; Li, K.; Wang, X.; Zhang, W.; Han, S.; Zhang, Y.; Wang, Y.; Pang, X.; Xie, Q.; Lu, J.; et al. Dynamic Variations in Endogenous Peptides in Chinese Human Milk Across Lactation and Geographical Regions. Nutrients 2025, 17, 3131. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17193131

AMA Style

Chen B, Li K, Wang X, Zhang W, Han S, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Pang X, Xie Q, Lu J, et al. Dynamic Variations in Endogenous Peptides in Chinese Human Milk Across Lactation and Geographical Regions. Nutrients. 2025; 17(19):3131. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17193131

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chen, Baorong, Kaifeng Li, Xiaodan Wang, Wenyuan Zhang, Sun Han, Yumeng Zhang, Yunna Wang, Xiaoyang Pang, Qinggang Xie, Jing Lu, and et al. 2025. "Dynamic Variations in Endogenous Peptides in Chinese Human Milk Across Lactation and Geographical Regions" Nutrients 17, no. 19: 3131. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17193131

APA Style

Chen, B., Li, K., Wang, X., Zhang, W., Han, S., Zhang, Y., Wang, Y., Pang, X., Xie, Q., Lu, J., Jiang, S., Zhang, S., & Lv, J. (2025). Dynamic Variations in Endogenous Peptides in Chinese Human Milk Across Lactation and Geographical Regions. Nutrients, 17(19), 3131. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17193131

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop