“More than Hunger”: Experiences of Food Insecurity Among South Asian International Graduate Students at a U.S. University
Abstract
1. Introduction
1.1. International Students in Higher Education
1.2. Food Insecurity Among College Students
1.3. Food Insecurity Among International Students
1.4. Research Questions
- What are the experiences of food insecurity among international students seeking a graduate degree at a large university in Texas?
- What is the perception of food insecurity among international students?
- What are some of the challenges that contribute to food insecurity among international students?
- What solutions would international students like to see?
2. Setting and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Demographics
3.2. Food Insecurity Survey Results
3.3. Perceptions of Food Insecurity
“Food insecurity, for me, if I’m not able to avail or provide myself with sufficient nutrients for the day, due to lack of resources, or some constraints, … If I am not adequately provisioning myself, nurturing myself, that is food insecurity.”
3.4. Limited Food Choices
3.5. Financial Limitations
“My journey as an international student at the university …[for] the period when I was unemployed—so I found myself struggling to make ends meet and especially when it came to putting food on the table. Because as a new international student, I had many other things to buy with limited financial resources. I was shedding every dollar to cover those essential expenses, including groceries. So, there were times when I had to make difficult choices between paying bills and buying food. One time I had exhausted the last of my groceries and felt a sense of desperation wash over me. So, in that moment I realized the reality of food insecurity. Despite my best approach to budgeting, like expenses, I found myself facing hunger and anxiety about where my next meal would come from. So, it was a humbling experience.”
“Most times it is hard for me. I only eat well within the first week that I am paid. And in [the] Physics department, we have funding for only 9 months and so for the other months that school is on vacation, I really find it difficult to eat because I am not being paid. With my status, I cannot work off campus to gain extra income which is a big problem.”
3.6. Balancing New Responsibilities
“It’s because many priorities…and we [my roommates] sacrifice food first. We just think about the living, staying on the course. And it’s pretty normal, I would say. You know, I have been through this in two apartments, and we sacrifice food first thing. When it comes to insufficient funds, they prioritize their courses, their sleep, they stay calm, they don’t do anything, they don’t go anywhere, they just spend their days just without eating anything much.”
“I think the first basic thing that we, as students, if you don’t know how to cook, that’s where you’ll start having the insecurity. If you cannot cook, if you don’t know how to cook, you will probably end up eating something unhealthy. So, the amount of effort that I put into cooking, the output wasn’t right. So, I had to throw it. So that’s where I get fed up with even cooking and I’ll be like I’m done with this cooking. So, food is not even a priority for students sometimes I’d say.”
“I think it’s all because when I wanted to eat something, I didn’t know how to cook it. I ended up eating something else to manage that hunger, but that hunger didn’t end. And then I ended up started eating sugars (laughs).”
3.7. Campus Challenges
“Because we don’t know our way when we first start here, and we use public transport, we used to walk to Union, take the bus to [the shopping area], get stuff, and then get the bus back and walk all the way home. So, you know, we don’t want to do it very often because it’s a tremendous process. And we go on the bus and can see the food [rotting].”
3.8. Impacts on Health and Well-Being
“I was around 82 kilos when I came down in August. Within two months of me not knowing how to cook and depending on the groceries or my friend’s cooking and their experiments, I lost 15 kilos. Within the two months.”
“…but also, the stress. Any family stress or parents…Any stress that goes on, and for students like us if we are taking stressful eating and everything it probably impacts your health. Mentally, physically. And obviously you don’t even feel like eating if you are so [stressed]. That’s something.”
3.9. Coping with Food Insecurity
“So basically, finding time is really hard as a younger person and who is managing studies and part time work, and then coming home doing things, organizing everything is very hard. You get a very limited amount of time. But whenever I get time, like a very few times, such as whenever there is a break of five days, or there is a one weekend holiday, I would plan my meals, and I would try to create a weekly plan based on all the budget I have. And I try to buy nutritional ingredients, such as greens, legumes, fruits and vegetables. I try to use the coupons to maximize my savings are things that I would follow.”
“Like in the grocery stores, probably I’ll get these instant meals. Like, at that moment itself I can just, you know, stir it, boil it, eat it. It’s just within five minutes. It saves your time, it does also mean that you’ve eaten, and you’ve already followed your schedule. I mean, you have to buy that as well.”
“This semester there are a lot of Indian foods, like the new places with Indian food, but earlier, there was nothing.”
4. Discussion
“Yeah. I felt homesick. You know, obviously. I mean in the initial three months I was so overexcited, I was so happy about being here, I was part of each and every club, rec sport, I would say every event. But then with the sudden shift of the apartment and me starting the budgeting and everything my well-being, my state of mind, my living experiences changed. So, I did feel like—this is not something I expected and I feel like I am struggling right now. And I felt homesick.”
“Yeah, I mean, to eliminate my problems here they can provide me a job here! So that I can have some money, so that the groceries and rent I can pay groceries and rent here. So that it would be helpful for me… but it’s very competitive because there’s so many students.”
5. Limitations and Future Research Directions
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
- Sample Semi-Structured Interview Questions
- 1.
- We’ve heard that (the University) receives students through recruiters/“consultants” in India/ South Asia? Did you use one? What is that experience like? What did they tell you about (the University) in the beginning?
- 2.
- (The University) tells us that they advise international students on how much to budget monthly for food and apartments. Did you receive this advice?
- 3.
- (If yes). How would you compare your actual experience with budgeting for food and rent with what they told you/advised you?
- 4.
- How much do you yourself budget for food in a month? (groceries, eating out, meal plans). Is it enough to get you through the month? Do you have a meal-plan?
- 5.
- Is there anything you wish you knew before you got here?
- 6.
- How does the reality of graduate school at (the University) compare to what you thought it would be?
- 7.
- How (and when) did you first hear about the food pantry? What did you hear?
- 8.
- What does “food insecurity” mean to you?
- 9.
- Do you feel like “hunger” or being “food insecure” applies to your own situation? Can you explain? (Tell us about food insecurity as a college student?)(10b) (IF NO) So then what, for you, is the purpose of the food pantry? (SKIP TO Q19).
- 10.
- (IF YES) What are some of the challenges that make it hard to be food secure?
- 11.
- (IF YES) When did you realize that food, budgets, and hunger were going to be problems?
- 12.
- (IF YES) Are there any particular times that you feel MORE food insecure than other times?
- 13.
- (If YES) Do you have strategies to cope? Other than “not eating?”
- 14.
- (IF YES) Has being food insecure impacted your college experience? How? How about your studies?
- 15.
- (IF YES) Had you ever experienced food insecurity before attending (the University)?
- 16.
- (IF YES) Do you feel like this food insecurity has impacted your physical health?
- 17.
- (IF YES) How about mental health?
- 18.
- Do you feel like your food/ hunger situation matches other international students? How?
- 19.
- One of the questions in the scale we started off with asked if you could afford to eat “balanced” meals? What is a “balanced” meal to you? How about “nutritious” foods?
- 20.
- What kinds of food do you eat here? Is that different than what you grew up with? Do you have food restrictions?
- 21.
- Are there some foods that you need, but don’t have access to? (and why?)
- 22.
- How do you typically get food? What are your main sources of food?
- 23.
- About what % of your groceries come from the University food pantry, what % come from an American grocery store like Walmart/ Kroger/Winco, and what % come from a South Asian grocery store you visit? Somewhere else?
- 24.
- When you get foods, what food is typically the priority for you?
- 25.
- So I know you did explain that you have gone to the food pantry before. Can you tell me about that experience?
- 26.
- So how many times in a typical month do you go?
- 27.
- Are there any barriers you have to using the pantry? (probe)
- 28.
- Are there items you would like to see more of there?
- 29.
- Is the quality OK? (explain)
- 30.
- How could (the University) better support international students?
- 31.
- How could (the University) help alleviate some of your current problems?
- 32.
- Is there anything different that (the University) should tell international students before they get here? Would that have made a difference?
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Demographics | Sample Frequency | Sample % | |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | Male | 13 | 65% |
Female | 7 | 35% | |
Degree | Master’s | 18 | 90% |
PhD | 2 | 10% | |
Year | 1 | 12 | 60% |
2 | 8 | 40% | |
Country of origin | India | 15 | 75% |
Nepal | 1 | 5% | |
Pakistan | 1 | 5% | |
Sri Lanka | 2 | 10% | |
Unknown | 1 | 5% |
UNFAO Food Insecurity Scale | Sample Frequency | Sample % |
---|---|---|
Were worried they would not have enough to eat | 14 | 70% |
Were unable to eat healthy and nutritious food | 17 | 85% |
Ate only a few kinds of foods | 17 | 85% |
Ate less than they thought they should | 12 | 60% |
Had to skip a meal | 14 | 63% |
Apartment/house ran out of food | 10 | 50% |
Were hungry, but did not eat | 14 | 70% |
Went a whole day without eating | 4 | 20% |
USDA Food Insecurity Scale | Frequency | Sample % | |
---|---|---|---|
The food that I bought just didn’t last as long as I thought it would last, and I didn’t have money to get more (30 days). | Never | 8 | 40% |
Sometimes | 7 | 35% | |
Frequently | 5 | 25% | |
I couldn’t afford to eat balanced meals | Never | 4 | 20 |
Sometimes | 8 | 40 | |
Frequently | 8 | 40 | |
Did you ever cut the size of your meals or skip meals because there wasn’t enough money for food? (30 days) | No | 5 | 25 |
Yes | 15 | 75 | |
Did you ever eat less than you felt you should because there wasn’t enough money for food? (30 days) | No | 4 | 20 |
Yes | 16 | 80 | |
Were you ever hungry but didn’t eat because there wasn’t enough money for food (30 days) | No | 6 | 30 |
Yes | 14 | 70 |
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Henry, L.; Henry, D.; Zepeda, E.P. “More than Hunger”: Experiences of Food Insecurity Among South Asian International Graduate Students at a U.S. University. Nutrients 2025, 17, 2508. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17152508
Henry L, Henry D, Zepeda EP. “More than Hunger”: Experiences of Food Insecurity Among South Asian International Graduate Students at a U.S. University. Nutrients. 2025; 17(15):2508. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17152508
Chicago/Turabian StyleHenry, Lisa, Doug Henry, and Eva Perez Zepeda. 2025. "“More than Hunger”: Experiences of Food Insecurity Among South Asian International Graduate Students at a U.S. University" Nutrients 17, no. 15: 2508. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17152508
APA StyleHenry, L., Henry, D., & Zepeda, E. P. (2025). “More than Hunger”: Experiences of Food Insecurity Among South Asian International Graduate Students at a U.S. University. Nutrients, 17(15), 2508. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17152508