Depression and Anxiety Changes Associated with Matched Increases in Physical Activity in Education-, Self-Regulation-, and Self-Regulation Plus Relaxation-Based Obesity Treatments in Women: A Pilot Study Investigating Implications for Controlling Emotional Eating
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Measures
2.3. Procedure
2.4. Data Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Score Changes, Across Treatment Types
3.2. Regression Analyses Predicting Emotional Eating Changes
3.3. Weight Changes, by Treatment Types
3.4. Post Hoc Analyses of Psychosocial Predictors of Weight Changes
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Demographic Characteristic | Educational Methods (n = 28) | Self-Regulation Methods (n = 24) | Self-Regulation + Relaxation (n = 24) | F/χ2 | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, M (SD), years | 46.36 (6.25) | 44.71 (11.05) | 46.63 (10.14) | 0.38 a | 0.736 |
Body mass index (BMI), M (SD), kg/m2 | 35.58 (2.89) | 35.15 (3.22) | 35.26 (3.08) | 0.14 a | 0.868 |
Racial/ethnic group, n (%) | 6.01 b | 0.198 | |||
White | 27 (96.4%) | 18 (75.0%) | 18 (75.0%) | ||
Black | 1 (3.6%) | 3 (12.5%) | 3 (12.5%) | ||
Hispanic | 0 (0.0%) | 3 (12.5%) | 3 (12.5%) | ||
Yearly family income, n (%) | 3.27 b | 0.774 | |||
<US $25,000 | 4 (14.3%) | 1 (4.2%) | 2 (8.3%) | ||
US $25,000–US $49,999 | 12 (42.9%) | 9 (37.5%) | 9 (37.5%) | ||
US $50,000–US $99,999 | 11 (39.2%) | 12 (50.0%) | 10 (41.7%) | ||
≥US $100,000 | 1 (3.6%) | 2 (8.3%) | 3 (12.5%) | ||
Educational level, n (%) | 1.13 b | 0.981 | |||
High school/GED | 6 (21.4%) | 4 (16.7%) | 4 (16.7%) | ||
Some college | 6 (21.4%) | 5 (20.8%) | 5 (20.8%) | ||
Bachelor’s degree | 9 (32.2%) | 6 (25.0%) | 7 (29.2%) | ||
More than bachelor’s degree | 7 (25.0%) | 9 (37.5%) | 8 (33.3%) |
Measure | Baseline | Month 3 | Month 6 | ΔBaseline–Month 3 | ΔBaseline–Month 6 | Overall Change | Change × Treatment Type | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Treatment Type | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | F(1, 73) | p | η2partial | F(1, 73) | p | η2partial |
Physical activity | ||||||||||||||||
Educational methods | 8.43 | 8.31 | 23.32 | 10.68 | 25.14 | 13.87 | 14.89 | 5.01 | 16.71 | 8.44 | ||||||
Self-regulation methods | 8.85 | 7.43 | 26.31 | 8.07 | 30.38 | 13.46 | 17.46 | 4.77 | 21.52 | 9.88 | ||||||
Self-regulation + relaxation | 8.48 | 7.65 | 25.63 | 8.44 | 29.69 | 12.77 | 17.15 | 4.79 | 21.21 | 8.98 | ||||||
Aggregated data | 8.58 | 7.73 | 24.99 | 9.20 | 28.23 | 13.44 | 16.41 | 4.94 | 19.65 | 9.24 | 359.84 | <0.001 | 0.83 | 2.33 | 0.105 | 0.06 |
Depression | ||||||||||||||||
Educational methods | 3.14 | 2.53 | 1.64 | 1.39 | 2.57 | 1.89 | −1.50 | 2.20 | −0.57 | 1.83 | ||||||
Self-regulation methods | 4.00 | 3.28 | 2.04 | 2.74 | 1.54 | 2.02 | −1.96 | 2.73 | −2.46 | 2.19 | ||||||
Self-regulation + relaxation | 4.17 | 3.47 | 2.13 | 2.88 | 1.53 | 2.03 | −2.04 | 2.73 | −2.63 | 2.30 | ||||||
Aggregated data | 3.74 | 3.09 | 1.92 | 2.37 | 1.92 | 2.01 | −1.82 | 2.52 | −1.82 | 2.28 | 60.81 | <0.001 | 0.45 | 7.81 | <0.001 | 0.18 |
Anxiety | ||||||||||||||||
Educational methods | 3.96 | 2.10 | 3.54 | 2.33 | 3.50 | 3.12 | −0.43 | 2.39 | −0.46 | 2.73 | ||||||
Self-regulation methods | 4.71 | 5.00 | 2.25 | 2.56 | 1.88 | 2.03 | −2.46 | 4.59 | −2.83 | 4.77 | ||||||
Self-regulation + relaxation | 4.63 | 4.85 | 2.17 | 2.33 | 1.71 | 1.63 | −2.46 | 4.58 | −2.92 | 4.74 | ||||||
Aggregated data | 4.41 | 4.07 | 2.70 | 2.46 | 2.42 | 2.50 | −1.71 | 3.99 | −1.99 | 4.23 | 19.10 | <0.001 | 0.21 | 3.03 | 0.055 | 0.08 |
Emotional eating | ||||||||||||||||
Educational methods | 27.96 | 12.46 | 32.93 | 9.36 | 24.46 | 10.92 | 4.96 | 6.70 | −3.50 | 6.39 | ||||||
Self-regulation methods | 27.58 | 8.93 | 28.25 | 12.04 | 18.58 | 8.93 | 0.67 | 10.03 | −9.67 | 10.03 | ||||||
Self-regulation + relaxation | 27.54 | 12.28 | 27.42 | 9.69 | 18.42 | 9.69 | −0.13 | 9.10 | −9.13 | 9.10 | ||||||
Aggregated data | 27.92 | 12.11 | 29.50 | 9.58 | 20.70 | 10.23 | 1.58 | 8.90 | −7.22 | 8.90 | 57.27 | <0.001 | 0.44 | 4.24 | 0.018 | 0.10 |
Self-regulation of eating | ||||||||||||||||
Educational methods | 17.71 | 4.56 | 21.54 | 4.94 | 20.09 | 4.51 | 3.83 | 3.87 | 2.37 | 3.98 | ||||||
Self-regulation methods | 17.87 | 4.04 | 24.07 | 3.32 | 25.03 | 3.03 | 6.20 | 4.65 | 7.17 | 3.87 | ||||||
Self-regulation + relaxation | 18.50 | 4.48 | 24.48 | 3.45 | 25.53 | 3.28 | 5.98 | 4.72 | 7.03 | 4.25 | ||||||
Aggregated data | 18.01 | 4.33 | 23.27 | 4.19 | 23.37 | 4.45 | 5.26 | 4.48 | 5.36 | 4.60 | 141.62 | <0.001 | 0.66 | 12.14 | <0.001 | 0.25 |
Self-efficacy for controlling eating | ||||||||||||||||
Educational methods | 89.96 | 32.39 | 98.18 | 23.87 | 96.93 | 24.35 | 8.21 | 29.79 | 6.96 | 30.86 | ||||||
Self-regulation methods | 86.50 | 30.88 | 115.54 | 22.91 | 120.71 | 22.59 | 29.04 | 34.92 | 34.21 | 34.90 | ||||||
Self-regulation + relaxation | 89.46 | 31.14 | 116.08 | 24.94 | 124.10 | 24.66 | 26.63 | 33.56 | 34.65 | 33.59 | ||||||
Aggregated data | 88.71 | 31.14 | 109.32 | 25.11 | 113.02 | 26.67 | 20.61 | 33.62 | 24.31 | 35.22 | 44.24 | <0.001 | 0.38 | 6.11 | 0.004 | 0.14 |
Variable | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. ΔDepression B–3 | --- | |||||||||
2. ΔDepression B–6 | 0.67 ** | --- | ||||||||
3. ΔAnxiety B–3 | 0.42 ** | 0.21 | --- | |||||||
4. ΔAnxiety B–6 | 0.23 * | 0.27 * | 0.89 ** | --- | ||||||
5. ΔEmotional eating B–3 | 0.34 ** | 0.29 * | 0.45 ** | 0.46 ** | --- | |||||
6. ΔEmotional eating B–6 | 0.36 ** | 0.32 * | 0.46 ** | 0.46 ** | 0.98 ** | --- | ||||
7. ΔSelf-regulation of eating B–3 | −0.08 | 0.00 | −0.01 | 0.18 | −0.31 * | −0.29 * | --- | |||
8. ΔSelf-regulation of eating B–6 | −0.14 | −0.29 * | −0.17 | −0.10 | −0.27 * | −0.25 * | 0.68 ** | --- | ||
9. ΔSelf-efficacy for controlled eating B–3 | −0.24 * | −0.02 | −0.26 * | −0.14 | −0.49 ** | −0.44 ** | 0.60 ** | 0.37 ** | --- | |
10. ΔSelf-efficacy for controlled eating B–6 | −0.23 * | −0.20 * | −0.20 * | −0.19 | −0.61 ** | −0.56 ** | 0.45 ** | 0.50 ** | 0.79 ** | --- |
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Annesi, J.J.; Machek, S.B. Depression and Anxiety Changes Associated with Matched Increases in Physical Activity in Education-, Self-Regulation-, and Self-Regulation Plus Relaxation-Based Obesity Treatments in Women: A Pilot Study Investigating Implications for Controlling Emotional Eating. Nutrients 2025, 17, 2475. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17152475
Annesi JJ, Machek SB. Depression and Anxiety Changes Associated with Matched Increases in Physical Activity in Education-, Self-Regulation-, and Self-Regulation Plus Relaxation-Based Obesity Treatments in Women: A Pilot Study Investigating Implications for Controlling Emotional Eating. Nutrients. 2025; 17(15):2475. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17152475
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnnesi, James J., and Steven B. Machek. 2025. "Depression and Anxiety Changes Associated with Matched Increases in Physical Activity in Education-, Self-Regulation-, and Self-Regulation Plus Relaxation-Based Obesity Treatments in Women: A Pilot Study Investigating Implications for Controlling Emotional Eating" Nutrients 17, no. 15: 2475. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17152475
APA StyleAnnesi, J. J., & Machek, S. B. (2025). Depression and Anxiety Changes Associated with Matched Increases in Physical Activity in Education-, Self-Regulation-, and Self-Regulation Plus Relaxation-Based Obesity Treatments in Women: A Pilot Study Investigating Implications for Controlling Emotional Eating. Nutrients, 17(15), 2475. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17152475