Potomania and Beer Potomania: A Systematic Review of Published Case Reports
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
- Fluid restriction (n = 40);
- Intravenous saline or hypertonic saline (n = 28);
- Electrolyte correction (e.g., potassium, magnesium, thiamine);
- Nutritional support;
- Psychiatric evaluation and intervention, where applicable.
Biochemistry References Range | |
---|---|
Serum sodium | 133–146 mmO/L |
Serum potassium | 3.5–5.3 mmO/L |
Serum chloride | 95–108 mmO/L |
Creatinine | 0.6–1.2 mg/dL |
Serum osmolarity | 275–295 mOsmol/kg |
Urine osmolality | Normal early morning urine > 600 mmol/kg |
Urine sodium | 40–220 mmol/24 h |
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ADH | Antidiuretic Hormone |
JBI | Joanna Briggs Institute |
mOsm | Milliosmoles |
mOsm/kg | Milliosmoles per kilogram |
PMCID | PubMed Central Identifier |
PMID | PubMed Identifier |
PICO | Participants, Intervention, Comparison, and Outcomes |
PRISMA | Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses |
QCR | Query and Collection Review |
WOS | Web of Science |
References
- Dundas, B.; Harris, M.; Narasimhan, M. Psychogenic polydipsia review: Etiology, differential, and treatment. Curr. Psychiatry Rep. 2007, 9, 236–241. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- McGraw, M. Beer potomania: Drink in this atypical cause of hyponatremia. Nursing 2012, 42, 24–30. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- de Leon, J.; Verghese, C.; Tracy, J.I.; Josiassen, R.C.; Simpson, G.M. Polydipsia and water intoxication in psychiatric patients: A review of the epidemiological literature. Biol. Psychiatry 1994, 35, 408–419. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gillum, D.M.; Linas, S.L. Water intoxication in a psychotic patient with normal renal water excretion. Am. J. Med. 1984, 77, 773–774. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Macías Robles, M.D.; López Fonticiella, M.P.; Maciá Bobes, C.; Fernández San Martín, A. Hiponatremia aguda grave en un paciente esquizofrénico potomano. An. Sist. Sanit. Navarra 2009, 32, 117–120. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Domínguez, R.O.; Laguarde, N.; Pinkala, E.; González, S.E. Potomanía y desequilibrio osmótico: Ceguera cortical definitiva por mielinólisis extrapontina. Neurologia 2013, 28, 449–450. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bhattarai, N.; Kafle, P.; Panda, M. Beer potomania: A case report. BMJ Case Rep. 2010, 2010, bcr10.2009.2414. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [PubMed Central]
- Perez-Gomez, M.V.; Sanchez-Ospina, D.; Tejedor, A.; Ortiz, A. The mysterious death of the beer drinking champ: Potential role for hyperacute water loading and acute hyponatremia. Clin. Kidney J. 2022, 15, 1196–1201. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Windpessl, M.; Schwarz, C.; Wallner, M. “Bowel prep hyponatremia”—A state of acute water intoxication facilitated by low dietary solute intake: Case report and literature review. BMC Nephrol. 2017, 18, 54. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Senanayake, J.; Haji Rahman, R.; Boucher, B.; Ali, M.Z.; Madanat, S.; Hammell, C.; Chuy, F. Multi-etiological hyponatremia in association with suspected beer potomania. Cureus 2023, 15, e36407. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [PubMed Central]
- Lord, R.C.C. Cider potomania. Ann. Clin. Biochem. 2000, 37, 729–730. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Soliman, M.; Fuller, W.; Usmani, N.; Akanbi, O. Acute severe hyponatremia as a serious health implication of herbal detox regimens. Cureus 2018, 10, e3697. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chaudhary, S.; Kashani, K.; Prasad, S. 1194: “iced tea potomania” complicated by early osmotic demyelination. Crit. Care Med. 2012, 40, 1–328. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Page, M.J.; McKenzie, J.E.; Bossuyt, P.M.; Boutron, I.; Hoffmann, T.C.; Mulrow, C.D.; Shamseer, L.; Tetzlaff, J.M.; Akl, E.A.; Brennan, S.E.; et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ 2021, 372, n71. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lodhi, M.U.; Saleem, T.S.; Kuzel, A.R.; Khan, D.; Syed, I.A.; Rahim, U.; Iqbal, H.I.; Rahim, M. “Beer potomania”—A syndrome of severe hyponatremia with unique pathophysiology: Case studies and literature review. Cureus 2017, 9, e2000. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [PubMed Central]
- Yu, Z.L.; Fisher, L. Beer potomania: Why initial fluid resuscitation may be harmful. Case Rep. Nephrol. 2022, 2022, 8778304. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [PubMed Central]
- Kujubu, D.A.; Khosraviani, A. Beer potomania—An unusual cause of hyponatremia. Perm. J. 2015, 19, 74–76. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [PubMed Central]
- Dodoo, S.N.; Agyemang-Sarpong, A.; Taka, N.; Akatue, R.A.; Williams, M.L. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy in the setting of severe hyponatremia and beer potomania: A case report. Clin. Case Rep. 2022, 10, e6717. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [PubMed Central]
- Stasishin, D.; Schaffer, P.; Khan, Z.; Murphy, C. Severe metabolic derangement: A case of concomitant diabetic ketoacidosis and beer potomania. BMJ Case Rep. 2021, 14, e243486. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [PubMed Central]
- Laubner, G.; Gintautaitė, G.; Badaras, R. Challenges in the diagnostics and management of hydrochlorothiazide-induced severe hyponatremia in a habitual beer drinker. Acta Med. Litu. 2020, 27, 39–44. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [PubMed Central]
- Mifsud, S.; Schembri, E.L.; Mercieca Balbi, M.; Gruppetta, M.; Clark, J. Beer, hyponatraemia and cardiac conduction defects. BMJ Case Rep. 2018, 2018, bcr-2018-224260. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [PubMed Central]
- So, B.Y.F.; Chan, G.C.W. Low-solute hyponatremia in a kidney transplant recipient. Clin. Nephrol. 2023, 99, 307–310. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sterns, R.H.; Hix, J.K.; Silver, S. Treating profound hyponatremia: A strategy for controlled correction. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 2010, 56, 774–779. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lum, G. Severe hyponatremia in a schizophrenic patient. Clin. Chem. 2013, 59, 887–889. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rafei, H.; Yunus, R.; Khurana, P. Beer potomania: A challenging case of hyponatremia. J. Endocrinol. Metab. 2016, 6, 123–126. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pallavi, R. An unsuspected cause of hyponatremia: Beer potomania. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 2015, 63, 1714–1715. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Srisung, W.; Mankongpaisarnrung, C.; Anaele, C.; Dumrongmongcolgul, N.; Ahmed, V. A rare case of low-solute hyponatremia in a nonalcoholic person. Case Rep. Nephrol. Dial. 2014, 5, 49–53. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [PubMed Central]
- Patel, N.; Sacks, A. True beer potomania causing critical hyponatremia. Chest 2012, 142, 414A. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Haran, M.; Shtern, Y.; Lodha, A.; Kupfer, Y. Severe hyponatremia: A novel approach to treatment. Chest 2010, 138, 135A. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fox, B.D. Crash diet potomania. Lancet 2002, 359, 942. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sharif, M.W.; Singh, A.; Enabi, J.; Karkee, R.; Sanivarapu, R. Delayed presentation of osmotic demyelination syndrome treated with plasmapheresis. Cureus 2023, 15, e47399. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [PubMed Central]
- Akatsuka, M.; Tatsumi, H.; Osanami, A.; Yamashita, T.; Masuda, Y. A case of hyponatremia due to beer potomania followed by acute kidney injury [abstract]. Crit. Care Med. 2023, 51 (Suppl. S1), 320. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Campeão, N. Neuropsychiatric symptoms in acute porphyria—A case report. Psychother. Psychosom. 2013, 82 (Suppl. S1), 134. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Axelrod, A.F.; Angles, C.; Siu, G. Rehabilitation after central pontine myelinolysis induced from beer potomania: A case report. PMR 2011, 3 (Suppl. S1), S276. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pizzini, M.C.; Leone, D.; Favali, L.; Morini, M.; Silingardi, I.; Iori, M. The “Healthy” Psychogenic Potomania [Internet]. 2011. Available online: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307731686_Abstract_Book_of_the_XVI_Congresso_Nazionale_FADOI_-_Firenze_15-18_Maggio_2011/fulltext/57d848ac08ae6399a39921f1/Abstract-Book-of-the-XVI-Congresso-Nazionale-FADOI-Firenze-15-18-Maggio-2011.pdf?__cf_chl_tk=MJFaqxgPmqM_LzJooItO9VXhGsUgqKZEzC_9LcTacdk-1749726033-1.0.1.1-PI7KntuEgwUTTmlVZIy5phaAXAsIx.9wy8t8cobeElI (accessed on 2 March 2024).
- Caron, C.; Montambault, P.; Nawar, T.; Plante, G.E.; Kandalaft, N. La potomanie: Réévaluation des épreuves d’investigation et présentation inhabituelle avec hydronéphrose et méqavessie. CMAJ 1977, 116, 1359–1363. [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [PubMed Central]
- Goëb, J.L.; Vercruysse, D.; Duverger, P.; Pettenati, H.; Rannou-Dubas, K.; Gohier, B. Crossed glances on a potomaniac patient. Ann. Med. Psychol. 2003, 161, 296–302. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hirel, C.; Thobois, S. Une potomanie révélatrice d’une maladie de Huntington [Potomania revealing Huntington’s disease]. Rev. Neurol. 2014, 170, 141–142. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Couillard, F.; Ayroulet, C.; Roussin, C.; Vanhecke, C.; Goossens, J.; Combres, H.; Ly, K.H.; Francois, C. Une hypokaliémie symptomatique induite par une consommation excessive de Coca-Cola zéro®. Nutr. Clin. Métabol. 2021, 35, 317–320. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Haymann, J.P. Diagnostic d’une polyurie par un physiologiste: Discussion de cas cliniques. Med. Intensive Reanim. 2014, 23, 370–377. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cruz Tejedor, M.; Zubillaga Muñoz, S.; De Pablo Hermida, A.M.; Nevado Losada, E.; García Sánchez, E.; Hernández Sánchez, E.M.; Albert de la Cruz, P. Hiponatremia grave secundaria a potomanía de bebidas isotónicas en un paciente esquizofrénico. Emergencias 2014, 26, 239–240. [Google Scholar]
- Alda, M.; Campayo, J.G.; Cerdán, C.; Laguna, C. Potomanía secundaria a topiramato. Med. Clin. 2007, 128, 397–398. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Benítez-Mejía, J.F.; Morales-Cuellar, J.; Restrepo-López, J.S.; Giraldo-Carmona, E.M.; Cabrera-Gómez, E. Psychogenic polydipsia and severe hyponatremia in bipolar affective disorder. Actas Esp. Psiquiatr. 2021, 49, 288–290. [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [PubMed Central]
- Milisenda, J.C.; Coloma, E.; Grau, J.M. Potomanía de cerveza. Una causa poco conocida de hiponatremia grave. Med. Clin. 2012, 138, 410–411. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Campbell, M.C. Hyponatremia and central pontine myelinolysis as a result of beer potomania: A case report. Prim. Care Companion J. Clin. Psychiatry 2010, 12, PCC.09100936. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [PubMed Central]
- Musch, W.; Xhaet, O.; Decaux, G. Solute loss plays a major role in polydipsia-related hyponatraemia of both water drinkers and beer drinkers. QJM 2003, 96, 421–426. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sailer, C.O.; Winzeler, B.; Nigro, N.; Suter-Widmer, I.; Arici, B.; Bally, M.; Schuetz, P.; Mueller, B.; Christ-Crain, M. Characteristics and outcomes of patients with profound hyponatraemia due to primary polydipsia. Clin. Endocrinol. 2017, 87, 492–499. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Murad, M.H.; Sultan, S.; Haffar, S.; Bazerbachi, F. Methodological quality and synthesis of case series and case reports. BMJ Evid.-Based Med. 2018, 23, 60–63. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [PubMed Central]
- Moola, S.; Munn, Z.; Tufanaru, C.; Aromataris, E.; Sears, K.; Sfetcu, R.; Currie, M.; Lisy, K.; Qureshi, R.; Mattis, P.; et al. Systematic reviews of etiology and risk. In JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis; Aromataris, E., Lockwood, C., Porritt, K., Eds.; JBI: Adelaide, Austrialia, 2024; Available online: https://synthesismanual.jbi.global (accessed on 2 March 2024). [CrossRef]
- Fuggle, S.; Munro, J. Clinical Biochemistry Protocol; Version: Issue 14 V2.2; Eastbourne District General Hospital & Conquest Hospital, Hastings, Clinical Biochemistry Team: Eastbourne, UK, 2020. [Google Scholar]
- Robertson, G.L. Antidiuretic hormone: Normal and disordered function. Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. N. Am. 2001, 30, 671–694. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pedersen, E.B.; Thomsen, I.M.; Lauridsen, T.G. Abnormal function of the vasopressin–cyclic-AMP–aquaporin-2 axis during urine concentrating and diluting in patients with reduced renal function: A case-control study. BMC Nephrol. 2010, 11, 26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [PubMed Central]
- Berl, T. Impact of solute intake on urine flow and water excretion. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2008, 19, 1076–1078. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sanghvi, S.R.; Kellerman, P.S.; Nanovic, L. Beer potomania: An unusual cause of hyponatremia at high risk of complications from rapid correction. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 2007, 50, 673–680. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wilke, C.; Sheriff, S.; Soleimani, M.; Amlal, H. Vasopressin-independent regulation of collecting duct aquaporin-2 in food deprivation. Kidney Int. 2005, 67, 201–216. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Demanet, J.C.; Bonnyns, M.; Bleiberg, H.; Stevens-Rocmans, C. Coma due to water intoxication in beer drinkers. Lancet 1971, 2, 1115–1117. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hilden, T.; Svendsen, T.L. Electrolyte disturbances in beer drinkers: A specific hypo-osmolality syndrome. Lancet 1975, 2, 245–246. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fenves, A.Z.; Thomas, S.; Knochel, J.P. Beer potomania: Two cases and review of the literature. Clin. Nephrol. 1996, 45, 61–64. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Blaustein, D.A.; Schwenk, M.H. “Beer potomania” in a non-beer drinker. Clin. Nephrol. 1997, 48, 203–204. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Sudhinaraset, M.; Wigglesworth, C.; Takeuchi, D.T. Social and cultural contexts of alcohol use: Influences in a social-ecological framework. Alcohol Res. 2016, 38, 35–45. [Google Scholar] [PubMed] [PubMed Central]
- Fernandes, C.F.; Gouveia, C.; Gouveia, P.; Camacho, B.; Borges, M.J. Potomania in pediatric age? The diagnostic challenge. Pediatr. Oncall J. 2024, 21, 118–120. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ouellette, L.; Michel, K.; Riley, B.; Jones, J. Beer potomania: Atypical cause of severe hyponatremia in older alcoholics. Am. J. Emerg. Med. 2018, 36, 1303. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Liamis, G.L.; Milionis, H.J.; Rizos, E.C.; Siamopoulos, K.C.; Elisaf, M.S. Mechanisms of hyponatraemia in alcohol patients. Alcohol Alcohol. 2000, 35, 612–616. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Musch, W.; Decaux, G. Utility and limitations of biochemical parameters in the evaluation of hyponatremia in the elderly. Int. Urol. Nephrol. 2001, 32, 475–483. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Komatsu, H.; Ono, T.; Onouchi, Y.; Onoguchi, G.; Maita, Y.; Ishida, Y.; Maki, T.; Oba, A.; Tomita, H.; Kakuto, Y. Polydipsia and autistic traits in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Front. Psychiatry 2023, 14, 1205138. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [PubMed Central]
- Spasovski, G.; Vanholder, R.; Allolio, B.; Annane, D.; Ball, S.; Bichet, D.; Decaux, G.; Fenske, W.; Hoorn, E.J.; Ichai, C.; et al. Clinical practice guideline on diagnosis and treatment of hyponatraemia. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2014, 29 (Suppl. S2), i1–i39. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Malhotra, K.; Ortega, L. Central pontine myelinolysis with meticulous correction of hyponatraemia in chronic alcoholics. BMJ Case Rep. 2013, 2013, bcr2013009970. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [PubMed Central]
- Yun, G.; Baek, S.H.; Kim, S. Evaluation and management of hypernatremia in adults: Clinical perspectives. Korean J. Intern. Med. 2023, 38, 290–302. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [PubMed Central]
S (Sample) | Individuals diagnosed with potomania or beer potomania in published case reports. |
PI (Phenomenon of Interest) | Clinical presentation, diagnostic process, treatment approaches, and outcomes related to potomania. |
D (Design) | Case reports and letters to the editor describing individual or multiple clinical cases. |
E (Evaluation) | Descriptive data on clinical features, laboratory findings, diagnostic tools, therapies, and patient outcomes. |
R (Research Type) | Qualitative, observational evidence (non-comparative). |
Author and Year | Age (Years) | Gender | Diagnosis |
---|---|---|---|
Lodhi et al. (2017) [15] | 59 and 60 | Male | Beer Potomania |
Yu ZL and Fisher (2022) [16] | 53 | Male | Beer Potomania |
Bhattarai et al. (2010) [7] | 52 | Male | Beer Potomania |
Kujubu et al. (2015) [17] | 84 | Male | Beer Potomania |
Senanayake et al. (2023) [10] | 41 | Female | Beer Potomania |
Dodoo et al. (2022) [18] | 56 | Male | Beer Potomania |
Stasishin et al. (2021) [19] | A middle-aged | Male | Beer Potomania |
Laubner et al. (2020) [20] | 55 | Male | Beer Potomania |
Mifsud et al. (2018) [21] | 68 | Male | Beer Potomania |
So BYF and Chan GCW (2023) [22] | 51 | Male | Potomania |
Perez Gomez et al. (2022) [8] | 45 | Male | Beer Potomania |
Macías Robles et al. (2009) [5] | 42 | Male | Potomania |
Soliman et al. (2018) [12] | 67 | Male | Potomania |
Sterns et al. (2010) [23] | 45 | Male | Beer Potomania |
Lum G. (2013) [24] | 63 | Male | Beer Potomania |
Windpessl et al. (2017) [9] | 61 | Female | Potomania |
Rafei et al. (2016) [25] | 66 | Male | Beer Potomania |
Pallavi, R. (2015) [26] | 68 | Female | Beer Potomania |
Srisung et al. (2015) [27] | 69 | Male | Potomania |
Patel et al. (2012) [28] | 56 | Female | Beer Potomania |
McGraw et al. (2012) [2] | Mid-30s | Male | Beer Potomania |
Haran et al. (2010) [29] | 41 | Male | Beer Potomania |
Fox BD (2002) [30] | 51 | Female | Potomania |
Lord (2000) [11] | 26 | Male | Cider Potomania |
Sharif et al. (2023) [31] | 42 | Male | Beer Potomania |
Akatsuka et al. (2023) [32] | 32 | Male | Beer Potomania |
Campeão (2013) [33] | 48 | Male | Potomania |
Chaudhary et al. (2012) [13] | 40 | Female | Potomania |
Axelrod et al. (2011) [34] | 39 | Female | Beer Potomania |
Pizzini et al. (2011) [35] | 76 | Male | Potomania |
Caron et al. (1977) [36] | Case 1: 59 Case 2: 25 Case 3: 18 | Female Male Female | Potomania |
Goëb et al. (2003) [37] | 20 | Female | Potomania |
Hirel and Thobois. (2014) [38] | 61 | Female | Potomania |
Couillard et al. (2021) [39] | 54 | Female | Potomania |
Haymann (2014) [40] | 45 | Female | Potomania |
Tejedor et al. (2014) [41] | 41 | Male | Potomania |
Domínguez et al. (2013) [6] | 72 | Female | Potomania |
Alda et al. (2007) [42] | 18 | Male | Potomania |
Benítez-Mejía et al. (2021) [43] | 52 | Female | Potomania |
Milisenda et al. (2012) [44] | 60 | Male | Beer Potomania |
Campbell (2010) [45] | 33 | Male | Beer Potomania |
Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Potomania Participants | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Author and Year | Age | Gender | Type of Drink Consumed | Body Mass Index | Biochemical Analysis | ||||||
Serum Sodium (mmO/L) | Serum Potassium (mmO/L) | Serum Chloride (mmO/L) | Creatinine mg/dL | Serum Osmolarity mOsm/kg | Urine Osmolality mOsm/kg | Urine Sodium (mmO/L) | |||||
So BYF and Chan GCW (2023) [22] | 51 years old | Male | Malted soybean milk drink | NR | 118 mmO/L | 3.4 mmO/L | NR | 1.76 mg/dL | NR | 120 mOsm/kg | 21 mmO/L |
Macías Robles et al. (2009) [5] | 42 years old | Male | Water | NR | 98 mmO/L | 1.67 mmO/L | NR | 0.42 mg/dL | 200 mOsm/kg | 270 mOsm/kg | 10 mmO/L |
Soliman et al. (2018) [12] | 67 years old | Male | Herbal tea (detox) | NR | 111 mmol/ | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Srisung et al. (2015) [27] | 69 years old | Male | Liquids | NR | 117 mmOl/ | NR | NR | 0.7 mg/dL | 250 mOsm/kg | 132 mOsm /kg | NR |
Campeão (2013) [33] | 48-year-old male | Male | Water | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Pizzini et al. (2011) [35] | 76 years old | Male | Water | NR | 161 mmO/L | NR | NR | 4.2 mg/dL | NR | NR | NR |
Caron et al. (1977) [36] | 25 years old 59 years old 18 years | Male Female Female | Water | NR | 139.5 mmO/L 138.5 mmO/L 142 mmO/L | 4.5 mmO/L 4.5 mmO/L 4 mmO/L | NR | 0.86 mg/dL 1.0 mg/dL 0.6 mg/dL | NR | NR | NR |
Tejedor et al. (2014) [41] | 41 years old | Male | Isotonic drinks | NR | 111 mmO/L | 3.1 mmO/L | 79 mmO/L | NR | 227 mOsm/kg | 64.88 mOsm/kg | NR |
Alda et al. (2007) [42] | 18 years old | Male | Water | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Lord (2000) [11] | 26 years old | Male | Cider Potomania | NR | 106 mmOl/ | 2.9 mmO/L | NR | 0.55 mg/dL | 239 mOsm/kg | NR | NR |
Windpessl et al. (2017) [9] | 61 years old | Female | Water and tea | 19.9 kg/m2 | 122 mmO/L | 3.1 mmO/L | 87 mmO/L | 1.1 mg/dL | 251 mOsm/kg | NR | NR |
Fox BD (2002) [30] | 51 years old | Female | Water | 33.2 kg/m2 | 108 mmO/L | 2.6 mmO/L | NR | 0.71 mg/dL | 226 mOsm/kg | 147 mOsm/kg | 20 mmO/L |
Chaudhary et al. (2012) [13] | 40 years old | Female | Tea | NR | 97 mmO/L | 2 mmO/L | 55 mmO/L | NR | NR | 40 mOsm/kg | <10 mmO/L |
Goëb et al. (2003) [37] | 20 years old | Female | Water | Reported as obese | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Hirel and Thobois. (2014) [38] | 61 years old | Female | Water | NR | 123 mmO/L | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Couillard et al. (2021) [39] | 54 years old | Female | Coca-Cola Zero | 21 kg/m2 | 147 mmol | 1.26 mmO/L | NR | 0.61 mg/dL | NR | NR | NR |
Haymann (2014) [40] | 45 years old | Female | Water | NR | 103 mmO/L | 4.7 mmO/L | NR | 3.87 mg/dL | NR | NR | 55 mmO/L |
Domínguez et al. (2013) [6] | 72 years old | Female | Water | NR | 111 mmO/L | 2.2 mmO/L | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Benítez-Mejía et al. (2021) [43] | 52 years old | Female | Water | NR | 108 mEq/L | NR | 74 mmO/L | 0.32 mg/dL | 224 mOsm/kg | 90 mOsm/kg | NR |
Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Participants with Beer Potomania | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Author and Year | Age | Gender | Body Mass Index kg/m2 | Biochemical Analysis | ||||||
Serum Sodium mmO/L | Serum Potassium mmO/L | Serum Chloride mmO/L | Creatinine mg/dL | Serum Osmolarity mOsm/kg | Urine Osmolality mOsm/kg | Urine Sodium mOsm/kg | ||||
Lodhi et al. (2017) [15] | Case 1: 59 years old Case 2: 60 years old | Male | Case 1: 16 Case 2: 17.5 kg/m2 | Case 1: 118 Case 2: 106 mmO/L | Case 1: 4 Case 2: 4.6 mmO/L | Case 1: 90 Case 2: 74 mmO/L | Case 1: 0.56 Case 2: 0.4 mg/dL | Case 1: 259 Case 2: 232 mOsm/kg | Case 1: - Case 2: 159 mOsm/kg | Case 1: 19 Case 2: 19 mmO/L/mEq/L |
Yu ZL and Fisher (2022) [16] | 53 years old | Male | Reported as thin and cachectic | 113 mmO/L | 4 mmO/L | 70 mmO/L | 0.43 mg/dL | 258 mOsm/kg | 94 mOsm/kg | <15 mmO/L |
Bhattarai et al. (2010) [7] | 52 years old | Male | NR | 107 mmO/L | 4 mmO/L | 69 mmO/L | 0.40 mg/dL | 284 mOsm/kg | 383 mOsm | 6 mmO/L |
Kujubu et al. (2015) [17] | 84 years old | Male | NR | 116 mmO/L | 4.1 mmO/L | 85 mmO/L | 0.58 mg/dL | 250 mOsm/kg | 182 mOsm/kg | 35 mEq/L |
Dodoo et al. (2022) [18] | 56 years old | Male | NR | 102 mmO/L | 4.2 mmO/L | 73 mmO/L | 0.3 mg/dL | 245 mOsm/L | 44 mOsm/L | 7 mmO/L |
Stasishin et al. (2021) [19] | Middle-aged | Male | NR | 110 mmO/L | NR | NR | NR | NR | 261 mOsm/kg | <20 mmO/L |
Laubner et al. (2020) [20] | 55 years old | Male | NR | 105 mmO/L | 4.1 mmO/L | 66.9 mmO/L | 0.57 mg/dL | 219 mOsm/kg | NR | NR |
Mifsud et al. (2018) [21] | 68 years old | Male | NR | 98 mmO/L | 3.36 mmO/L | 59 mmO/L | Reported as normal limits | 218 mOsm/kg | NR | 12 mmO/L |
Perez Gomez et al. (2022) [8] | 45 years old | Male | NR | 122 ** mmO/L | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Sterns et al. (2010) [23] | 45 years old | Male | NR | 96 mmO/L | 3.5 mmO/L | 56 mmO/L | 1.0 mg/dL | 203 mOsm/kg | 732 mOsm/kg | 7 mmO/L |
Lum G. (2013) [24] | 63 years old | Male | NR | 106 mmO/L | 4.8 mmO/L | 73 mmO/L | 0.8 mg/dL | 245 mOsm/kg | 227 mOsm/kg | <20 mmO/L |
Rafei et al. (2016) [25] | 66 years old | Male | NR | 122 mmO/L | 5 mmO/L | 88 mmO/L | 1 mg/dL | 268 mOsm/kg | 223 mOsm/kg | 20 mmO/L |
McGraw et al. (2012) [2] | Mid-30s | Male | 16 kg/m2 | 105 mmO/L | NR | NR | NR | 225 mOsm/kg | 75 mOsm/kg | 16 mEq/L |
Haran et al. (2010) [29] | 41 years old | Male | NR | 94 mmO/L | 3.2 mmO/L | 59 mmO/L | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Sharif et al. (2023) [31] | 42 years old | Male | NR | 97 mmO/L | NR | NR | NR | 208 mOsm/kg | 90 mOsm/kg | <5 mmO/L |
Akatsuka et al. (2023) [32] | 32 years old | Male | NR | 104 mEq/L | NR | NR | 17.1 mg/dL | NR | NR | NR |
Milisenda et al. (2012) [44] | 60 years old | Male | NR | 95 mmO/L | 1.7 mmO/L | NR | NR | 280 mOsml | NR | NR |
Campbell (2010) [45] | 33 years old | Male | NR | 95 mmO/L | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Senanayake et al. (2023) [10] | 41 years old | Female | 18.2 kg/m2 | 121 mmO/L | 5.2 mmO/L | 88 mmO/L | 1.02 mg/dL | 265 mOsmol/kg | 309 mOsmol/kg | 60 mEq/day |
Pallavi, R. (2015) [26] | 68 years old | Female | 17.5 kg/m2 | 119 mmO/L | 2.8 mmO/L | NR | NR | 277 mOsm/kg | 79 mOsm/kg | 8 mmO/L |
Patel et al. (2012) [28] | 56 years old | Female | NR | 97 mmO/L | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Axelrod et al. (2011) [34] | 39 years old | Female | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Micoanski, K.S.; Soriano, J.M.; Gozalbo, M.M. Potomania and Beer Potomania: A Systematic Review of Published Case Reports. Nutrients 2025, 17, 2012. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17122012
Micoanski KS, Soriano JM, Gozalbo MM. Potomania and Beer Potomania: A Systematic Review of Published Case Reports. Nutrients. 2025; 17(12):2012. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17122012
Chicago/Turabian StyleMicoanski, Keila S., Jose M. Soriano, and Monica M. Gozalbo. 2025. "Potomania and Beer Potomania: A Systematic Review of Published Case Reports" Nutrients 17, no. 12: 2012. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17122012
APA StyleMicoanski, K. S., Soriano, J. M., & Gozalbo, M. M. (2025). Potomania and Beer Potomania: A Systematic Review of Published Case Reports. Nutrients, 17(12), 2012. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17122012