The Healthiness of Packaged Food and Beverage Products in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Saudi Arabian Nutrient Profile Model
3.2. Nutri-Score
3.3. Chile’s HFSS Nutrient Profiling Model (Phase 2)
3.4. Agreement Among the Three Nutrient Profile Models
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Category | Saudi Arabia NPM | Nutri-Score | Chile HFSS | All 3 NPMs |
---|---|---|---|---|
Baked Goods | 237 | 236 | 241 | 236 |
Bottled Water | 10 | 14 | 14 | 10 |
Breakfast Cereals | 112 | 112 | 112 | 112 |
Carbonates | 16 | 31 | 31 | 16 |
Concentrates | - | - | 38 | - |
Confectionery | 540 | 540 | 567 | 540 |
Dairy | 359 | 358 | 362 | 358 |
Edible Oils | - | 64 | 73 | - |
Energy Drinks | 10 | 10 | 10 | 10 |
Ice Cream | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 |
Juice | 264 | 264 | 278 | 264 |
Other Hot Drinks | 109 | 108 | 201 | 108 |
Processed Fruit and Vegetables | 133 | 133 | 178 | 133 |
Processed Meat, Seafood and Alternatives | 199 | 199 | 209 | 199 |
Ready-To-Drink Coffee | 26 | 26 | 26 | 26 |
Ready-To-Drink Tea | 24 | 24 | 24 | 24 |
Ready Meals | 79 | 79 | 79 | 79 |
Rice, Pasta and Noodles | 127 | 159 | 161 | 126 |
Sauces, Dips and Condiments | 197 | 197 | 338 | 197 |
Savory Snacks | 517 | 517 | 522 | 517 |
Soup | 17 | 17 | 17 | 17 |
Sports Drinks | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
Sweet Biscuits, Snack Bars and Fruit Snacks | 460 | 460 | 465 | 460 |
Sweet Spreads | 82 | 82 | 112 | 82 |
Total | 3552 | 3664 | 4092 | 3548 |
Category | Total n | Saudi Arabia NPM | Nutri-Score | Chile HFSS | % Agreement | Fleiss’ Kappa |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baked Goods | 236 | 13% | 14% | 10% | 92% | 0.76 |
Bottled Water | 10 | 90% | 90% | 100% | 90% | 0.46 |
Breakfast Cereals | 112 | 26% | 37% | 10% | 72% | 0.50 |
Carbonates | 16 | 69% | 94% | 88% | 75% | 0.40 |
Confectionery | 540 | 9% | 10% | 9% | 99% | 0.94 |
Dairy | 358 | 31% | 25% | 22% | 73% | 0.54 |
Energy Drinks | 10 | 20% | 20% | 20% | 100% | 1.00 |
Ice Cream | 32 | 6% | 47% | 28% | 56% | 0.26 |
Juice | 264 | 40% | 24% | 13% | 63% | 0.35 |
Other Hot Drinks | 108 | 8% | 12% | 6% | 91% | 0.62 |
Processed Fruit and Vegetables | 133 | 92% | 98% | 91% | 87% | 0.25 |
Processed Meat, Seafood and Alternatives | 199 | 65% | 67% | 63% | 81% | 0.72 |
RTD Coffee | 26 | 15% | 38% | 8% | 69% | 0.37 |
RTD Tea | 24 | 17% | 33% | 17% | 83% | 0.68 |
Ready Meals | 79 | 47% | 54% | 56% | 76% | 0.68 |
Rice, Pasta and Noodles | 126 | 80% | 79% | 71% | 89% | 0.79 |
Sauces, Dips and Condiments | 197 | 18% | 22% | 14% | 89% | 0.76 |
Savory Snacks | 517 | 6% | 12% | 10% | 85% | 0.41 |
Soup | 17 | 94% | 94% | 94% | 100% | 1.00 |
Sports Drinks | 2 | 50% | 100% | 50% | 50% | 0.25 |
Sweet Biscuits, Snack Bars and Fruit Snacks | 460 | 10% | 12% | 11% | 97% | 0.89 |
Sweet Spreads | 82 | 0% | 21% | 0% | 79% | −0.07 |
Total | 3548 | 25% | 27% | 22% | 86% | 0.74 |
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Dunford, E.K.; Alsukait, R.F.; Alkhalaf, M.M.; Hamza, M.M.; Shahin, M.A.; Cetinkaya, V.; Alghaith, T. The Healthiness of Packaged Food and Beverage Products in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Nutrients 2025, 17, 1895. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17111895
Dunford EK, Alsukait RF, Alkhalaf MM, Hamza MM, Shahin MA, Cetinkaya V, Alghaith T. The Healthiness of Packaged Food and Beverage Products in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Nutrients. 2025; 17(11):1895. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17111895
Chicago/Turabian StyleDunford, Elizabeth K., Reem F. Alsukait, Majid M. Alkhalaf, Mariam M. Hamza, Mohammed A. Shahin, Volkan Cetinkaya, and Taghreed Alghaith. 2025. "The Healthiness of Packaged Food and Beverage Products in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia" Nutrients 17, no. 11: 1895. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17111895
APA StyleDunford, E. K., Alsukait, R. F., Alkhalaf, M. M., Hamza, M. M., Shahin, M. A., Cetinkaya, V., & Alghaith, T. (2025). The Healthiness of Packaged Food and Beverage Products in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Nutrients, 17(11), 1895. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17111895