Within- and Between-Individual Variations in Protein, Sodium, Potassium, and Phosphorus Intake Estimated from Urinary Biomarkers and Dietary Records in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Takaoka, Tomoya; Watanabe, Daiki; Hosokawa, Manami; Hosokawa, Kana; Kubota, Satoshi; Kawai, Yuko; Oono, Fumi; Inoue, Yumiko; Zakoji, Chieko; Oiwa, Ako; Sato, Ai; Yamazaki, Masanori; Komatsu, Mitsuhisa

doi:10.3390/nu17111757

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Within- and Between-Individual Variations in Protein, Sodium, Potassium, and Phosphorus Intake Estimated from Urinary Biomarkers and Dietary Records in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

by

Tomoya Takaoka

^1,2

,

Daiki Watanabe

^3,4,

Manami Hosokawa

⁵,

Kana Hosokawa

²,

Satoshi Kubota

⁵

,

Yuko Kawai

⁵,

Fumi Oono

^6,7,

Yumiko Inoue

⁸,

Chieko Zakoji

²,

Ako Oiwa

⁵

,

Ai Sato

^5,9,

Masanori Yamazaki

⁵ and

Mitsuhisa Komatsu

^5,*

¹

Medical Science Division, Department of Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto City 390-8621, Nagano, Japan

²

Division of Clinical Nutrition, Shinshu University Hospital, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto City 390-8621, Nagano, Japan

³

Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa City 359-1192, Saitama, Japan

⁴

National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 3-17 Senrioka-Shimmachi, Settsu City 566-0002, Osaka, Japan

⁵

Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Division of Internal Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto City 390-8621, Nagano, Japan

⁶

Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu City 501-1193, Gifu, Japan

⁷

Department of Social and Preventive Epidemiology, Division of Health Sciences and Nursing, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku 113-8654, Tokyo, Japan

⁸

Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa City 359-1192, Saitama, Japan

⁹

Center of Diabetes, Okaya City Hospital, 4-11-33 Honcho, Okaya City 394-8512, Nagano, Japan

^*

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Nutrients 2025, 17(11), 1757; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17111757

Submission received: 21 April 2025 / Revised: 20 May 2025 / Accepted: 21 May 2025 / Published: 22 May 2025

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Dietary Assessment and Nutritional Surveys in Human Health)

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Abstract

Background/Aim: Appropriate dietary assessment plays a crucial role in individualized nutritional therapy for individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Daily dietary variations must be considered in the estimation of usual dietary intake, and such data are limited in individuals with T2DM. This study aimed to evaluate within- and between-individual variations in protein, sodium, potassium, and phosphorus intakes estimated from 24 h urine collection (24 h UC) and semi-weighted dietary records (DRs) in Japanese individuals with T2DM. Methods: This study included 39 Japanese individuals (26 males, 13 females; mean age 64.6 years) with T2DM who attended two hospitals. Protein, sodium, potassium, and phosphorus intakes were estimated using 2-day 24 h UC and 3-day DRs and within- and between-individual variations were calculated using a one-way analysis of variance. Results: The mean protein, potassium, and phosphorus intakes did not significantly differ between 24 h UC and DRs. However, sodium intake was lower when estimated by DRs than by 24 h UC. The coefficients of within-individual variation (CV_w) differed between 24 h UC and DRs. For protein and phosphorus, the CV_w values were smaller by 12.5% and 8.0% in males and 2.3% and 3.0% in females, respectively, for 24 h UC than DRs. For sodium and potassium, the CV_w values were smaller by 7.0% and 4.8% in males, but larger by 5.0% and 3.3% in females, respectively, for 24 h UC than DRs. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrated that 24 h UC showed smaller within-individual variations than DRs for protein and phosphorus in both sexes, with sex-specific differences for sodium and potassium.

Keywords: variation; dietary assessment; urinary biomarker; dietary record; type 2 diabetes

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MDPI and ACS Style

Takaoka, T.; Watanabe, D.; Hosokawa, M.; Hosokawa, K.; Kubota, S.; Kawai, Y.; Oono, F.; Inoue, Y.; Zakoji, C.; Oiwa, A.; et al. Within- and Between-Individual Variations in Protein, Sodium, Potassium, and Phosphorus Intake Estimated from Urinary Biomarkers and Dietary Records in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Nutrients 2025, 17, 1757. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17111757

AMA Style

Takaoka T, Watanabe D, Hosokawa M, Hosokawa K, Kubota S, Kawai Y, Oono F, Inoue Y, Zakoji C, Oiwa A, et al. Within- and Between-Individual Variations in Protein, Sodium, Potassium, and Phosphorus Intake Estimated from Urinary Biomarkers and Dietary Records in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Nutrients. 2025; 17(11):1757. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17111757

Chicago/Turabian Style

Takaoka, Tomoya, Daiki Watanabe, Manami Hosokawa, Kana Hosokawa, Satoshi Kubota, Yuko Kawai, Fumi Oono, Yumiko Inoue, Chieko Zakoji, Ako Oiwa, and et al. 2025. "Within- and Between-Individual Variations in Protein, Sodium, Potassium, and Phosphorus Intake Estimated from Urinary Biomarkers and Dietary Records in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus" Nutrients 17, no. 11: 1757. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17111757

APA Style

Takaoka, T., Watanabe, D., Hosokawa, M., Hosokawa, K., Kubota, S., Kawai, Y., Oono, F., Inoue, Y., Zakoji, C., Oiwa, A., Sato, A., Yamazaki, M., & Komatsu, M. (2025). Within- and Between-Individual Variations in Protein, Sodium, Potassium, and Phosphorus Intake Estimated from Urinary Biomarkers and Dietary Records in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Nutrients, 17(11), 1757. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17111757

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Within- and Between-Individual Variations in Protein, Sodium, Potassium, and Phosphorus Intake Estimated from Urinary Biomarkers and Dietary Records in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

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