The Importance of Self-Identities and Habitual Behavior for Eating More Plant Foods
Highlights
- The chances of increasing the consumption of plant-based foods increased when legumes were frequently consumed and the consumption of red meat had been previously limited.
- The habitual frequency of meat consumption did not predict an increase in plant food intake in the future. In addition, the habitual frequency of legume consumption only increased the chances of greater consumption of plant foods, not legumes.
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Sample Collection
2.2. Questionnaire
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Description of the Study Sample
3.2. Characteristics of Categories Identified by Health and Environmental Identities
3.3. Health Identity, Environmental Identity, and Consumption of Meat and Plant Food
3.4. Predictors of Eating More Plant-Based Foods, Including Legumes
4. Discussion
5. Strengths and Limitations
6. Implications
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Socio-Demographic Characteristics | Total Sample (N * = 881) % (N) |
---|---|
Gender | |
Male | 50.9 (448) |
Female | 49.1 (433) |
Age | |
18–24 years old | 10.0 (88) |
25–34 years old | 19.3 (170) |
35–44 years old | 20.1 (177) |
45–54 years old | 16.1 (142) |
55–64 years old | 22.1 (195) |
65 years and above | 12.4 (109) |
Education | |
Primary | 9.4 (83) |
Vocational | 17.6 (155) |
Secondary | 40.4 (356) |
Higher | 32.6 (287) |
Place of residence | |
A village | 37.9 (334) |
A town with fewer than 20,000 inhabitants | 13.6 (119) |
A city with 20,000–100,000 inhabitants | 17.9 (158) |
A city with over 100,000 inhabitants | 30.6 (270) |
Self-reported financial situation | |
There is enough for everything without much saving | 17.1 (150) |
We live frugally, and we have enough means for everything | 37.9 (334) |
We live very frugally to save for major purchases | 27.1 (239) |
There is only enough money for the cheapest food and clothing | 8.4 (74) |
There is only enough money for the cheapest food, not enough for clothing | 3.9 (34) |
There is not enough money even for the cheapest food and clothing | 1.2 (11) |
It is difficult to say | 4.4 (39) |
Presence of children | |
With children | 42.3 (373) |
Without children | 57.7 (508) |
Self-identity | |
Health identity (HI) ** | 54.5 (568) |
No health identity (nHI) ** | 45.5 (313) |
Environmental identity (EI) *** | 57.7 (508) |
No environmental identity (nEI) *** | 42.3 (373) |
Self-Identity with Regard to Health and Environment | Total Sample | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
No Health Identity and No Environmental Identity (nHI-nEI) | Health Identity but No Environmental Identity (HI-nEI) | No Health Identity but Environmental Identity (nHI-EI) | Both Health Identity and Environmental Identity (HI-EI) | ||
Number of respondents | 205 | 168 | 108 | 400 | 881 |
Gender (p = 0.023) | |||||
Male | 56.1 (115) | 51.2 (86) | 59.3 (64) | 45.8 (183) | 50.9 (448) |
Female | 43.9 (90) | 48.8 (82) | 40.7 (44) | 54.2 (217) | 49.1 (433) |
Age (p < 0.001) | |||||
18–24 | 16.1 (33) | 10.1 (17) | 10.2 (11) | 6.8 (27) | 10.0 (88) |
25–34 | 20.0 (41) | 28.0 (36) | 14.8 (16) | 16.5 (66) | 19.3 (170) |
35–44 | 22.9 (47) | 21.4 (36) | 20.4 (22) | 18.0 (72) | 20.1 (177) |
45–54 | 16.1 (33) | 14.3 (24) | 15.7 (17) | 17.0 (68) | 16.1 (142) |
55–64 | 19.5 (40) | 14.3 (20) | 26.9 (13) | 25.4 (65) | 22.1 (109) |
65 and above | 5.4 (11) | 11.9 (20) | 12.0 (13) | 16.3 (65) | 12.4 (109) |
Self-Identity About Health and the Environment | Total Sample | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
No Health Identity and No Environmental Identity (nHI-nEI) | Health Identity but No Environmental Identity (HI-nEI) | No Health Identity but Environmental Identity (nHI-EI) | Both Health Identity and Environmental Identity (HI-EI) | ||
N * = 205 | N = 168 | N = 108 | N = 400 | N = 881 | |
Changes in red meat intake over the past two years (p = 0.020) | |||||
Intake decreased | 34.6 a (71) | 39.3 a,b (66) | 48.2 a,b (52) | 48.8 b (195) | 43.6 (384) |
No changes | 60.0 a (123) | 57.7 a,b (97) | 47.2 a,b (51) | 46.4 b (186) | 51.9 (457) |
Intake increased | 5.4 a (11) | 3.0 a (5) | 4.6 a (5) | 4.8 a (19) | 4.5 (40) |
Changes in white meat intake over the past two years (p = 0.499) | |||||
Intake decreased | 18.5 (38) | 23.8 (40) | 25.0 (27) | 23.5 (94) | 22.6 (199) |
No changes | 71.3 (146) | 64.3 (108) | 63.9 (69) | 62.3 (249) | 64.9 (572) |
Intake increased | 10.2 (21) | 11.9 (20) | 11.1 (12) | 14.2 (57) | 12.5 (110) |
Changes in legume intake over the past two years (p = 0.022) | |||||
No intake | 5.9 a (12) | 4.8 a (8) | 7.4 a (8) | 3.5 a (14) | 4.8 (42) |
Intake decreased | 22.9 a (47) | 23.2 a (39) | 17.5 a (19) | 17.0 a (68) | 19.6 (173) |
Without any changes | 64.4 a (132) | 61.3 a (103) | 59.3 a (64) | 63.2 a (253) | 62.7 (552) |
Intake increased | 6.8 a (14) | 10.7 a,b (18) | 15.7 a,b (17) | 16.3 b (65) | 12.9 (114) |
Intention to eat more plant food and more legumes (p < 0.001) | |||||
No intention | 53.1 a (109) | 48.2 a,b (81) | 35.2 b,c (38) | 28.0 c (112) | 38.6 (340) |
More plant food but not of legumes | 41.0 a (84) | 42.9 a,b (84) | 56.5 a,b (61) | 54.7 b (219) | 49.5 (436) |
More plant food, including more legumes | 5.9 a (12) | 8.9 a,b (15) | 8.3 a,b (9) | 17.3 b (69) | 11.9 (105) |
Intention to eat less meat food and more legumes (p < 0.001) | |||||
No intention | 68.8 a,b (141) | 71.4 b (120) | 53.7 a,c (58) | 47.1 c (191) | 57.8 (510) |
Less meat but no more legumes | 18.0 a (37) | 13.1 a (22) | 18.5 a (20) | 18.3 a (73) | 17.3 (152) |
Less meat and more legumes | 13.2 a (27) | 15.5 a,b (26) | 27.8 b,c (30) | 34.0 c (136) | 24.9 (219) |
Familiarity with and consumption of plant-based substitutes (p = 0.002) | |||||
I am not familiar with | 40.0 a (82) | 38.1 a (64) | 27.8 a,b (30) | 26.8 b (107) | 32.2 (283) |
I am familiar with, but I have never eaten | 28.4 a (58) | 29.2 a (49) | 24.1 a (26) | 28.7 a (115) | 28.1 (248) |
I eat occasionally (once a month or less often) | 28.7 a (59) | 28.5 a (48) | 44.4 b (48) | 36.7 a,b (147) | 34.3 (302) |
I eat regularly | 2.9 a (6) | 4.2 a (7) | 3.7 a (4) | 7.8 a (31) | 5.4 (48) |
Variables | Intention to Eat More Plant Food Next Year (Model 1) | Intention to Eat More Legumes Next Year (Model 2) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β | eβ | 95% CI * | p-Value * | Β | eβ | 95% CI | p-Value | |||
Frequency of eating red meat | 0.009 | 1.01 | 0.84 | 1.21 | 0.919 | 0.011 | 1.01 | 0.80 | 1.27 | 0.926 |
Frequency of eating white meat | −0.069 | 0.93 | 0.77 | 1.14 | 0.494 | 0.047 | 1.05 | 0.81 | 1.36 | 0.723 |
Frequency of eating legumes | 0.308 | 1.36 | 1.12 | 1.66 | 0.002 | 0.199 | 1.22 | 0.96 | 1.56 | 0.111 |
Intake of red meat decreased (ref. without changes in red meat intake) | 0.876 | 2.40 | 1.60 | 3.60 | <0.001 | 0.090 | 1.09 | 0.67 | 1.78 | 0.717 |
Intake of red meat increased (ref. without changes in red meat intake) | 0.692 | 2.00 | 0.85 | 4.72 | 0.114 | −0.755 | 0.47 | 0.16 | 1.41 | 0.179 |
Intake of white meat decreased (ref. without changes in white meat intake) | −0.378 | 0.68 | 0.41 | 1.14 | 0.143 | 0.120 | 1.13 | 0.66 | 1.92 | 0.658 |
Intake of white meat increased (ref. without changes in white meat intake) | 0.388 | 1.47 | 0.84 | 2.59 | 0.178 | 0.203 | 1.23 | 0.64 | 2.34 | 0.537 |
Intake of legumes decreased (ref. without changes in legume intake) | −0.177 | 0.84 | 0.55 | 1.29 | 0.418 | −0.402 | 0.67 | 0.37 | 1.20 | 0.178 |
Intake of legumes increased (ref. without changes in legume intake) | 1.069 | 2.91 | 1.31 | 6.50 | 0.009 | 0.764 | 2.15 | 1.15 | 4.02 | 0.017 |
I am familiar with, but I do not consume PBSs (ref. I am not familiar with) | 0.262 | 1.30 | 0.86 | 1.97 | 0.215 | 0.232 | 1.26 | 0.70 | 2.26 | 0.435 |
I consume PBSs occasionally (ref. I am not familiar with) | 0.564 | 1.76 | 1.16 | 2.66 | 0.007 | 0.959 | 2.61 | 1.53 | 4.45 | <0.001 |
I consume PBSs regularly (ref. I am not familiar with it) | 1.054 | 2.87 | 0.98 | 8.45 | 0.056 | 1.849 | 6.36 | 2.33 | 17.32 | <0.001 |
Health identity and no environmental identity (HI-nEI) (ref. no health and no environmental identities: nHI-nEI) | 0.283 | 1.33 | 0.82 | 2.16 | 0.255 | 0.443 | 1.56 | 0.74 | 3.27 | 0.242 |
No health identity but environmental identity (nHI-EI) (ref. no health and no environmental identities: nHI-nEI) | 0.453 | 1.57 | 0.88 | 2.80 | 0.124 | 0.248 | 1.28 | 0.59 | 2.77 | 0.529 |
Both health and environmental identity (HI-EI) (ref. no health and no environmental identities: nHI-nEI) | 0.691 | 1.99 | 1.31 | 3.03 | 0.001 | 0.580 | 1.79 | 1.00 | 3.20 | 0.049 |
Intention to eat less meat | 2.082 | 8.02 | 5.32 | 12.09 | <0.001 | 2.551 | 12.82 | 7.69 | 21.38 | <0.001 |
Intention to eat more plant food | 2.879 | 17.79 | 6.28 | 50.36 | <0.001 |
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Jeżewska-Zychowicz, M.; Sajdakowska, M.; Gębski, J.; Kosicka-Gębska, M.; Gutkowska, K. The Importance of Self-Identities and Habitual Behavior for Eating More Plant Foods. Nutrients 2024, 16, 4063. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16234063
Jeżewska-Zychowicz M, Sajdakowska M, Gębski J, Kosicka-Gębska M, Gutkowska K. The Importance of Self-Identities and Habitual Behavior for Eating More Plant Foods. Nutrients. 2024; 16(23):4063. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16234063
Chicago/Turabian StyleJeżewska-Zychowicz, Marzena, Marta Sajdakowska, Jerzy Gębski, Małgorzata Kosicka-Gębska, and Krystyna Gutkowska. 2024. "The Importance of Self-Identities and Habitual Behavior for Eating More Plant Foods" Nutrients 16, no. 23: 4063. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16234063
APA StyleJeżewska-Zychowicz, M., Sajdakowska, M., Gębski, J., Kosicka-Gębska, M., & Gutkowska, K. (2024). The Importance of Self-Identities and Habitual Behavior for Eating More Plant Foods. Nutrients, 16(23), 4063. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16234063