Oral Antacid Use Is Negatively Associated with Serum Prealbumin Levels in Japanese Individuals Undergoing Health Checkups
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Food Frequency Questionnaire on Food Groups
2.3. Physical Examination
2.4. Chewing and Swallowing Functions
2.4.1. Occlusal Force
2.4.2. Chewing Function
2.4.3. Swallowing Function (EAT-10)
2.4.4. History of HP Eradication, Positive Titers of HP Antibodies, and Use of Oral Antacids and Metformin
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Background of the Study Sample
3.2. Food Intake and Nutritional Deficiency of the Subjects
3.3. Multivariate Linear Analysis: Physical Digestion
3.4. Multivariate Linear Analysis: Chemical Digestion
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total (n = 92) | |
---|---|
Sex (%Male) | 72% (n = 67) |
Age (yo) | 62.2 (14.3) |
Age (≧65 yo) | 48% (n = 44) |
BMI | 23.9 (3.2) |
Under weight (<18.5) | 4% (n = 4) |
Normal weight | 61% (n = 56) |
Obese weight (≧25) | 35% (n = 32) |
Occlusal force (N) | 993.6 (533.7) |
Lower Occlusal force (<500 N) | 19.4% (n = 18) |
Masticatory performance (mg/dL) | 200.9 (64.5) |
Lower masticatory performance (<100 mg/dL) | 3.2% (n = 3) |
Swallowing function (EAT-10) | 0.17 (1.17) |
EAT-10 ≧ 3 | 3.2% (n = 3) |
History of H. pylori eradication | 24% (n = 22) |
H pylori antibody positive (≧10 U/mL) | 23% (n = 21) |
Oral antacids (present) | 16% (n = 15) |
Metformin (present) | 7.6% (n = 7) |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 205.5 (34.1) |
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 56.8 (17.5) |
Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 127.4 (81.5) |
HbA1c (%) | 5.94 (0.74) |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 71.3 (18.1) |
CRP (mg/dL) | 0.2 (0.72) |
CRP ≧ 1.0 mg/dL | 4% (n = 4) |
TSH (μIU/mL) | 1.89 ± 1.36 |
FT4 (ng/dL) | 1.35 ± 0.27 |
FT3 (pg/mL) | 3.18 ± 0.43 |
Total (n = 92) | |
---|---|
Energy intake (kcal) | 1776.4 (346.8) |
Fat intake (g) | 61.8 (15.8) |
Carbohydrate intake (g) | 202.4 (51.3) |
Protein intake (g) | 66.9 (15.3) |
Albumin (g/dL) | 4.28 (0.29) |
Lower albumin (<4 g/dL) | 14% (n = 13) |
Serum prealbumin (mg/dL) | 28.9 (5.7) |
Lower prealbumin (<22 mg/dL) | 11% (n = 10) |
Vitamin B12 intake (μg) | 6.3 (3.0) |
Lower vitamin B12 intake (<2.4 μg) | 5.4% (n = 5) |
serum vitamin B12 (pg/mL) | 333.2 (139.1) |
Vitamin B12 deficiency | 14% (n = 13) |
Dependent Variable: | Prealbumin | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||
β (95%CI) | p | β (95%CI) | p | β (95%CI) | p | |
Occlusal force (N) | 0 (−0.002, 0.002) | 0.88 | ||||
Masticatory performance (mg/dL) | 0.01 (−0.01, 0.03) | 0.15 | ||||
EAT-10 | 0.17 (−0.76, 1.11) | 0.72 | ||||
Protein intake (g) | 0.10 (0.02, 0.17) | 0.01 | 0.10 (0.03, 0.17) | 0.007 | 0.10 (0.03, 0.17) | 0.008 |
Sex (female) | −4.01 (−6.61, −1.41) | 0.003 | −3.91 (−6.48, −1.34) | 0.003 | −4.00 (−6.59, −1.40) | 0.003 |
Age (yo) | −0.04 (−0.12, 0.04) | 0.29 | −0.036 (−0.11, 0.04) | 0.35 | −0.04 (−0.12, 0.03) | 0.26 |
BMI | −0.05 (−0.39, 0.29) | 0.77 | −0.10 (−0.44, 0.25) | 0.57 | −0.06 (−0.40, 0.29) | 0.74 |
CRP (mg/dL) | −1.75 (−3.26, −0.24) | 0.02 | −1.68 (−3.17, −0.19) | 0.03 | −1.77 (−3.23, −0.26) | 0.02 |
Dependent Variable: | Albumin | |||||
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||
β (95%CI) | p | β (95%CI) | p | β (95%CI) | p | |
Occlusal force (N) | −0.00003 (0, 0) | 0.56 | ||||
Masticatory performance (mg/dL) | −0.001 (−0.002, 0) | 0.02 | ||||
EAT-10 | 0.02 (−0.03, 0.07) | 0.45 | ||||
Protein intake (g) | 0 (−0.005, 0.004) | 0.81 | −0.001 (−0.005, 0.003) | 0.67 | −0.001 (−0.005, 0.004) | 0.81 |
Sex (female) | 0.10 (−0.04, 0.25) | 0.16 | 0.10 (−0.05, 0.24) | 0.18 | 0.11 (−0.04, 0.25) | 0.15 |
Age (yo) | 0.001 (−0.004, 0.005) | 0.73 | 0 (−0.004, 0.005) | 0.89 | 0.001 (−0.004, 0.005) | 0.76 |
BMI | −0.00006 (−0.02, 0.02) | 0.99 | 0.004 (−0.02, 0.02) | 0.69 | −0.002 (−0.021, 0.017) | 0.84 |
CRP (mg/dL) | −0.11 (−0.20, −0.03) | 0.01 | −0.12 (−0.20, −0.04) | 0.006 | −0.11 (−0.20, −0.03) | 0.01 |
Dependent Variable: | Vitamin B12 | |||||
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||
β (95%CI) | p | β (95%CI) | p | β (95%CI) | p | |
Occlusal force (N) | −0.02 (−0.07, 0.03) | 0.5 | ||||
Masticatory performance | −0.02 (−0.42, 0.39) | 0.92 | ||||
EAT-10 | −1.5 (−23.8, 20.7) | 0.9 | ||||
Vitamin B12 intake (μg) | 12.3 (3.4, 21.2) | 0.007 | 12.7 (3.9, 21.5) | 0.005 | 12.6 (3.8, 21.5) | 0.006 |
Sex (female) | 86.2 (25.8, 146.5) | 0.006 | 87.4 (27.0, 147.9) | 0.005 | 87.5 (27.1, 147.9) | 0.005 |
Age (yo) | 3.2 (1.4, 5.1) | <0.001 | 3.3 (1.4, 5.2) | <0.001 | 3.3 (1.4, 5.2) | <0.001 |
BMI | −2.0 (−10.1, 6.2) | 0.63 | −2.1 (−10.5, 6.2) | 0.61 | −2.1 (−10.4, 6.1) | 0.61 |
CRP (mg/dL) | 10.9 (−24.6, 46.4) | 0.54 | 11.9 (−23.7, 47.6) | 0.51 | 12.1 (−23.4, 47.6) | 0.5 |
Dependent Variable: | Prealbumin | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||
β (95%CI) | p | β (95%CI) | p | β (95%CI) | p | |
Pylori eradication | 2.0 (−0.5, 4.5) | 0.12 | ||||
H. pylori Ab | −0.12 (−0.13, 0.08) | 0.65 | ||||
Oral antacids | −3.3 (−6.5, −0.1) | 0.04 | ||||
Protein Intake (g) | 0.1 (0.03, 0.2) | 0.006 | 0.1 (0.02, 0.2) | 0.01 | 0.10 (0.03, 0.17) | 0.007 |
Sex (female) | −4.0 (−6.5, −1.4) | 0.003 | −4.0 (−6.6, −1.4) | 0.003 | −4.1 (−6.6, −1.5) | 0.002 |
Age (yo) | −0.05 (−0.12, 0.03) | 0.24 | −0.04 (−0.1, 0.04) | 0.28 | −0.01 (−0.09, 0.07) | 0.8 |
BMI (kg/m2) | −0.1 (−0.40, 0.24) | 0.56 | −0.04 (−0.4, 0.3) | 0.82 | −0.01 (−0.34, 0.33) | 0.97 |
CRP (mg/dL) | −1.6 (−3.1, −0.1) | 0.034 | −1.8 (−3.3, −0.3) | 0.02 | −1.4 (−2.9, 0.1) | 0.06 |
Dependent Variable: | Albumin | |||||
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||
β (95%CI) | p | β (95%CI) | p | β (95%CI) | p | |
Pylori eradication | −0.007 (−0.15, 0.14) | 0.93 | ||||
H. pylori Ab (+) | 0.002 (−0.004, 0.0089) | 0.55 | ||||
Oral antacids | −0.14 (−0.32, 0.04) | 0.13 | ||||
Protein Intake (g) | −0.001 (−0.005, 0.003) | 0.74 | −0.001 (−0.005, 0.004) | 0.8 | −0.001 (−0.005, 0.003) | 0.74 |
Sex (female) | 0.11 (−0.04, 0.25) | 0.16 | 0.11 (−0.04, 0.25) | 0.16 | 0.10 (−0.04, 0.25) | 0.16 |
Age (yo) | 0.001 (−0.003, 0.005) | 0.68 | 0.001 (−0.003, 0.005) | 0.7 | 0.002 (−0.002, 0.007) | 0.34 |
BMI (kg/m2) | −0.001 (−0.02, 0.02) | 0.95 | −0.001 (−0.021, 0.018) | 0.88 | 0.001 (−0.02, 0.02) | 0.93 |
CRP (mg/dL) | −0.11 (−0.20, −0.03) | 0.01 | −0.11 (−0.19, −0.02) | 0.01 | −0.10 (−0.18, −0.01) | 0.03 |
Dependent Variable: | Vitamin B12 | |||||
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||
β (95%CI) | p | β (95%CI) | p | β (95%CI) | p | |
Pylori eradication | −48.3 (−107.8, 11.2) | 0.11 | ||||
H. pylori Ab (+) | −1.2 (−3.6,1.2) | 0.33 | ||||
Oral antacids | 22.6 (−54.4, 99.6) | 0.56 | ||||
Vitamin B12 intake (μg) | 12.7 (4.0, 21.3) | 0.005 | 12.2 (3.4,21.0) | 0.007 | 12.8 (4.0, 21.6) | 0.005 |
Sex (female) | 87.8 (28.3, 147.3) | 0.004 | 87.7 (27.7,147.8) | 0.005 | 88.0 (27.8, 148.3) | 0.005 |
Age (yo) | 3.4 (1.5, 5.2) | <0.001 | 3.3 (1.5, 5.2) | <0.001 | 3.1 (1.0, 5.1) | 0.003 |
BMI (kg/m2) | −0.8 (−9.0, 7.4) | 0.84 | −1.8 (−9.9,6.3) | 0.66 | −2.5 (−10.7, 5.7) | 0.55 |
CRP (mg/dL) | 9.0 (−26.1, 44.2) | 0.61 | 10.8 (−24.6,46.1) | 0.55 | 9.7 (−26.5, 45.9) | 0.6 |
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Ushiroda, C.; Deguchi, K.; Yamamoto-Wada, R.; Tanaka, H.; Ono, C.; Yoshida, M.; Sarai, M.; Miyahara, R.; Sasaki, H.; Iizuka, K. Oral Antacid Use Is Negatively Associated with Serum Prealbumin Levels in Japanese Individuals Undergoing Health Checkups. Nutrients 2024, 16, 3715. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16213715
Ushiroda C, Deguchi K, Yamamoto-Wada R, Tanaka H, Ono C, Yoshida M, Sarai M, Miyahara R, Sasaki H, Iizuka K. Oral Antacid Use Is Negatively Associated with Serum Prealbumin Levels in Japanese Individuals Undergoing Health Checkups. Nutrients. 2024; 16(21):3715. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16213715
Chicago/Turabian StyleUshiroda, Chihiro, Kanako Deguchi, Risako Yamamoto-Wada, Hiroko Tanaka, Chisato Ono, Mitsuyoshi Yoshida, Masayoshi Sarai, Ryoji Miyahara, Hitomi Sasaki, and Katsumi Iizuka. 2024. "Oral Antacid Use Is Negatively Associated with Serum Prealbumin Levels in Japanese Individuals Undergoing Health Checkups" Nutrients 16, no. 21: 3715. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16213715
APA StyleUshiroda, C., Deguchi, K., Yamamoto-Wada, R., Tanaka, H., Ono, C., Yoshida, M., Sarai, M., Miyahara, R., Sasaki, H., & Iizuka, K. (2024). Oral Antacid Use Is Negatively Associated with Serum Prealbumin Levels in Japanese Individuals Undergoing Health Checkups. Nutrients, 16(21), 3715. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16213715