Identification of Sweetness Preference-Related Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms for Polygenic Risk Scores Associated with Obesity

Our study aimed to identify sweetness preference-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), characterize the related genetic loci, and develop SNP-based polygenic risk scores (PRS) to analyze their associations with obesity. For genotyping, we utilized a pooled genome-wide association study (GWAS) dataset of 18,499 females and 10,878 males. We conducted genome-wide association analyses, functional annotation, and employed the weighted method to calculate the levels of PRS from 677 sweetness preference-related SNPs. We used Cox proportional hazards modeling with time-varying covariates to estimate age-adjusted and multivariable hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for obesity incidence. We also tested the correlation between PRS and environmental factors, including smoking and dietary components, on obesity. Our results showed that in males, the TT genotype of rs4861982 significantly increased obesity risk compared to the GG genotype in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS) cohort (HR = 1.565; 95% CI, 1.122–2.184; p = 0.008) and in the pooled analysis (HR = 1.259; 95% CI, 1.030–1.540; p = 0.025). Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type O (PTPRO) was identified as strongly associated with sweetness preference, indicating a positive correlation between sweetness preference and obesity risk. Moreover, each 10 pack-year increment in smoking was significantly associated with an increased risk of obesity in the HPFS cohort (HR = 1.024; 95% CI, 1.000–1.048) in males but not in females. In conclusion, significant associations between rs4861982, sweetness preference, and obesity were identified, particularly among males, where environmental factors like smoking are also correlated with obesity risk.