Annual and Seasonal Patterns of Dietary Intake in Australian Adults: A Prospective Cohort Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- To describe the patterns in diet (total energy intake, macronutrient intake, healthy food groups, and discretionary foods and beverages) across the year;
- To determine whether dietary intake varies by season.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Setting and Participants
2.3. Variables
2.3.1. Dietary Intake
2.3.2. Participant Descriptive Characteristics
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Participants
3.2. Dietary Patterns across the Year
3.3. Seasonal Differences in Dietary Patterns
4. Discussion
Implications
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mean | (SD) | |
---|---|---|
Age (years) | 40.2 | (5.9) |
Weight at baseline (kg) | 83.7 | (20.2) |
Height (cm) | 170.3 | (9.5) |
Total energy intake (kJ/day) | 7683 | (3222) |
Percentage of energy intake | ||
Energy from protein (%) | 19.4 | (3.8) |
Energy from fat (%) | 36.9 | (5.8) |
Energy from carbohydrate (%) | 40.4 | (7.5) |
Energy from alcohol (%) | 3.2 | (5.3) |
n | (%) | |
Sex | ||
Female | 203 | (57) |
Male | 155 | (43) |
Weight status category | ||
Underweight | 1 | (0.3) |
Normal | 112 | (31.2) |
Overweight | 121 | (33.7) |
Obese | 124 | (34.5) |
Smoker | 32 | (8.9) |
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples | 4 | (1.1) |
Born in Australia | 274 | (76.5) |
Marital status | ||
Married/de facto | 305 | (85.2) |
Separated, divorced or widowed | 28 | (7.8) |
Never married | 25 | (7.0) |
Education | ||
Year 10 or less | 17 | (4.8) |
Year 11–12 | 48 | (13.4) |
Certificate/Diploma | 120 | (33.6) |
University degree | 173 | (48.3) |
Chronic conditions | ||
None | 156 | (43.6) |
Single | 106 | (29.6) |
Multiple | 96 | (26.9) |
Season | Estimated Marginal Means | [95% CI] | Group | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total energy | Summer | 7582.8 | [7316.5, 7849.2] | A | |
Autumn | 7238.2 | [6970.4, 7506.0] | B | ||
Winter | 7332.8 | [7066.7, 7598.9] | B | ||
Spring | 7225.4 | [6956.6, 7494.1] | B | ||
Protein | Summer | 1456.7 | [1403.1, 1510.3] | A | |
Autumn | 1395.4 | [1341.5, 1449.3] | B | ||
Winter | 1406.3 | [1352.8, 1459.9] | B | ||
Spring | 1389.5 | [1335.3, 1443.6] | B | ||
Fat | Summer | 2746.5 | [2637.5, 2855.6] | A | |
Autumn | 2636.0 | [2526.3, 2745.7] | B | ||
Winter | 2700.6 | [2591.6, 2809.5] | A | B | |
Spring | 2630.8 | [2520.7, 2740.9] | B | ||
Carbohydrate | Summer | 3064.2 | [2945.4, 3182.9] | A | |
Autumn | 2952.7 | [2833.2, 3072.1] | A | ||
Winter | 2975.7 | [2857.1, 3094.2] | A | ||
Spring | 2967.1 | [2849.1, 3087.1] | A | ||
Alcohol | Summer | 308.7 | [259.0, 358.4] | A | |
Autumn | 245.5 | [195.6, 295.5] | B | ||
Winter | 243.2 | [193.5, 292.9] | B | ||
Spring | 231.9 | [181.7, 282.0] | B |
Season | Estimated Marginal Means | [95% CI] | Group | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fats and oils | Summer | 12.0 | [11.1, 12.9] | A | |
Autumn | 11.8 | [10.9, 12.7] | A | ||
Winter | 12.1 | [11.2, 13.0] | A | ||
Spring | 11.9 | [11.00, 12.8] | A | ||
Dairy | Summer | 299.8 | [277.7, 321.8] | A | |
Autumn | 298.0 | [275.8, 320.1] | A | ||
Winter | 299.8 | [277.8, 321.9] | A | ||
Spring | 302.7 | [280.4, 325.0] | A | ||
Grains | Summer | 154.9 | [143.8, 165.9] | A | |
Autumn | 152.26 | [141.0, 163.3] | A | ||
Winter | 151.2 | [140.2, 162.3] | A | ||
Spring | 151.5 | [140.4, 162.7] | A | ||
Meats | Summer | 189.8 | [179.6, 200.1] | A | |
Autumn | 180.6 | [170.3, 190.8] | A | B | |
Winter | 179.6 | [169.4, 189.8] | B | ||
Spring | 177.0 | [166.7, 187.4] | B | ||
Fruits | Summer | 187.8 | [173.4, 202.1] | A | |
Autumn | 172.4 | [157.9, 186.9] | A | B | |
Winter | 169.8 | [155.5, 184.1] | B | ||
Spring | 182.5 | [167.9, 197.0] | A | B | |
Vegetables | Summer | 273.5 | [255.2, 291.7] | A | |
Autumn | 273.2 | [254.9, 291.6] | A | ||
Winter | 270.8 | [252.6, 289.0] | A | ||
Spring | 274.1 | [255.6, 292.5] | A |
Season | Estimated Marginal Means | [95% CI] | Group | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sweet discretionary | Summer | 31.6 | [27.2, 36.1] | A | |
Autumn | 31.5 | [27.1, 36.0] | A | ||
Winter | 32.6 | [28.2, 37.0] | A | ||
Spring | 31.9 | [27.4, 36.3] | A | ||
Savoury discretionary | Summer | 84.7 | [79.1, 90.2] | A | |
Autumn | 77.7 | [72.1, 83.3] | B | ||
Winter | 82.1 | [76.5, 87.6] | A | B | |
Spring | 79.7 | [74.1, 85.3] | A | B | |
Alcoholic beverages | Summer | 218.0 | [179.5, 256.5] | A | |
Autumn | 177.8 | [139.1, 216.5] | B | ||
Winter | 167.0 | [128.5, 205.5] | B | ||
Spring | 161.1 | [122.2, 200.0] | B | ||
Non-alcoholic beverages | Summer | 364.6 | [322.0, 407.2] | A | |
Autumn | 285.0 | [242.0, 328.1] | B | ||
Winter | 289.8 | [247.3, 332.4] | B | ||
Spring | 322.3 | [278.9, 365.6] | A | B | |
Miscellaneous | Summer | 625.5 | [581.6, 669.5] | A | |
Autumn | 649.3 | [605.2, 693.5] | A | B | |
Winter | 673.7 | [629.8, 717.6] | B | ||
Spring | 646.8 | [602.5, 691.0] | A | B |
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Curtis, R.G.; Hendrie, G.A.; Ferguson, T.; Olds, T.; Fraysse, F.; Dumuid, D.; Brown, W.J.; Esterman, A.; Maher, C.A. Annual and Seasonal Patterns of Dietary Intake in Australian Adults: A Prospective Cohort Study. Nutrients 2024, 16, 2718. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162718
Curtis RG, Hendrie GA, Ferguson T, Olds T, Fraysse F, Dumuid D, Brown WJ, Esterman A, Maher CA. Annual and Seasonal Patterns of Dietary Intake in Australian Adults: A Prospective Cohort Study. Nutrients. 2024; 16(16):2718. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162718
Chicago/Turabian StyleCurtis, Rachel G., Gilly A. Hendrie, Ty Ferguson, Timothy Olds, François Fraysse, Dorothea Dumuid, Wendy J. Brown, Adrian Esterman, and Carol A. Maher. 2024. "Annual and Seasonal Patterns of Dietary Intake in Australian Adults: A Prospective Cohort Study" Nutrients 16, no. 16: 2718. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162718
APA StyleCurtis, R. G., Hendrie, G. A., Ferguson, T., Olds, T., Fraysse, F., Dumuid, D., Brown, W. J., Esterman, A., & Maher, C. A. (2024). Annual and Seasonal Patterns of Dietary Intake in Australian Adults: A Prospective Cohort Study. Nutrients, 16(16), 2718. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16162718