Interleukin-18 Is a Potential Biomarker Linking Dietary Fatty Acid Quality and Insulin Resistance: Results from a Cross-Sectional Study in Northern Italy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Subjects and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Dietary Assessment
2.3. Biochemical Analysis
2.4. Metabolic Syndrome
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Study Participant Characteristics
3.2. Relationship between IL-18 Circulating Levels, Insulin Resistance, Metabolic Syndrome and Body Composition
3.3. Dietary Fatty Acids and Their Impact on IL-18 Circulating Levels
3.4. Dietary Fatty Acid Intake and Insulin Resistance
3.5. Dietary Fatty Acid Quality as a Predictor of IL-18 Circulating Levels
3.6. The Relationship between Muscle Mass and IL-18 Is Influenced by Fat Mass
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Subjects, number | 403 |
Female, number (%) | 230 (57) |
Age (years) | 66 ± 5 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 138 ± 19 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 85 ± 10 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 26.5 ± 3.7 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 92.1 ± 10.3 |
Fat-free mass (%) | 64.6 ± 6.6 |
Fat-free mass (kg) | 46.2 ± 9.3 |
Fat mass (%) | 35.4 ± 6.6 |
Fat mass (kg) | 25.5 ± 7.2 |
Muscle mass (kg) | 28.8 ± 6.5 |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 96.3 ± 10.6 |
Insulin (U/L) | 9.0 ± 5.0 |
HOMA-IR | 2.2 ± 1.4 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 218.8 ± 37.7 |
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 67.6 ± 17.3 |
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 131.6 ± 33.0 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 98.5 ± 42.6 |
hsCPR (mg/dL) | 0.207 ± 0.306 |
IL-18 (pg/mL) | 377.6 ± 139.1 |
MetS, number (%) | 49 (12.2) |
Subjects therapy: | |
Antihypertensive drugs, number (%) | 109 (27) |
Beta blockers, number (%) | 24 (6) |
Hypolipidemic therapy, number (%) | 64 (15.9) |
HOMA-IR | IL-18 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
rho | p Value | rho | p Value | |
Age (years) | 0.048 | 0.346 | 0.025 | 0.617 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 0.148 | 0.003 | 0.086 | 0.084 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 0.130 | 0.010 | 0.136 | 0.006 |
Body mass index (kg/mq) | 0.515 | <0.001 | 0.176 | <0.001 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 0.503 | <0.001 | 0.232 | <0.001 |
Fat-free mass (%) | −0.224 | <0.001 | 0.085 | 0.089 |
Fat-free mass (Kg) | 0.287 | <0.001 | 0.266 | <0.001 |
Fat mass (%) | 0.224 | <0.001 | −0.085 | 0.089 |
Fat mass (Kg) | 0.458 | <0.001 | 0.124 | 0.013 |
Muscle mass (Kg) | 0.304 | <0.001 | 0.292 | <0.001 |
Glucose (mg/dL) | 0.529 | <0.001 | 0.180 | <0.001 |
Insulin (U/L) | 0.979 | <0.001 | 0.234 | <0.001 |
HOMA-IR | - | - | 0.247 | <0.001 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | −0.081 | 0.106 | −0.138 | 0.006 |
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | −0.033 | 0.514 | −0.066 | 0.188 |
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | −0.266 | <0.001 | −0.217 | <0.001 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 0.320 | <0.001 | 0.104 | 0.039 |
IL-18 (pg/mL) | 0.247 | <0.001 | - | - |
hsCRP (mg/L) | 0.206 | <0.001 | 0.202 | <0.001 |
HOMA-IR | IL-18 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
rho | p Value | rho | p Value | |
Total calories (kcal/day) | −0.003 | 0.958 | 0.083 | 0.097 |
Alcohol (kcal/day) | 0.018 | 0.724 | 0.037 | 0.462 |
Protein (g/day) | −0.005 | 0.917 | 0.007 | 0.889 |
Lipid (g/day) | 0.034 | 0.496 | 0.031 | 0.541 |
Available carbohydrates (g/day) | −0.044 | 0.380 | 0.071 | 0.154 |
Starch (g/day) | 0.070 | 0.166 | 0.061 | 0.218 |
Total fibre (g/day) | −0.153 | 0.002 | −0.066 | 0.186 |
Cholesterol (mg/day) | 0.114 | 0.023 | 0.051 | 0.311 |
SFA (g/day) | 0.068 | 0.174 | 0.091 | 0.068 |
MUFA (g/day) | −0.048 | 0.336 | −0.029 | 0.556 |
PUFA (g/day) | −0.019 | 0.704 | −0.015 | 0.760 |
MUFA/SFA ratio | −0.163 | 0.001 | −0.167 | 0.001 |
PUFA/SFA ratio | −0.092 | 0.068 | −0.142 | 0.004 |
(MUFA + PUFA)/SFA ratio | −0.166 | 0.001 | −0.169 | <0.001 |
C20:5 EPA (g/day) | −0.094 | 0.061 | −0.100 | 0.045 |
C22:6 DHA (g/day) | −0.128 | 0.011 | −0.137 | 0.006 |
Omega-3/SFA ratio | −0.166 | 0.001 | −0.204 | <0.001 |
Omega-6/Omega-3 ratio | 0.129 | 0.011 | 0.095 | 0.057 |
Mediterranean diet adherence | −0.084 | 0.094 | −0.101 | 0.044 |
Model | R2 | p Value Model | Predictor | Unstandardized B Coefficient | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 0.257 | <0.001 | Waist circumference (cm) | 0.011 | <0.001 |
2 | 0.311 | <0.001 | Waist circumference (cm) | 0.010 | <0.001 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 0.270 | 0.001 | |||
3 | 0.334 | <0.001 | Waist circumference (cm) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 0.285 | 0.002 | |||
IL-18 (pg/mL) | 0.017 | 0.031 |
Model | R2 | p Value Model | Predictor | Unstandardized B Coefficient | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 0.126 | <0.001 | Muscle Mass (kg) | 0.007 | <0.001 |
2 | 0.182 | <0.001 | Muscle Mass (kg) | 0.007 | <0.001 |
Omega-3/SFA Ratio | −0.073 | 0.003 | |||
3 | 0.211 | <0.001 | Muscle Mass (kg) | 0.005 | 0.006 |
Omega-3/SFA Ratio | 0.285 | 0.002 | |||
HDL Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 0.017 | 0.027 | |||
4 | 0.239 | <0.001 | Muscle Mass (kg) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Omega-3/SFA Ratio | −0.069 | 0.001 | |||
Cholesterol HDL (mg/dL) | −0.001 | 0.011 | |||
Total Cholesterol (mg/dL) | −0.027 | 0.027 |
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Sergi, D.; Sanz, J.M.; Lazzer, S.; Brombo, G.; Zuliani, G.; Biolo, G.; Šimunič, B.; Pišot, R.; Dalla Nora, E.; Passaro, A. Interleukin-18 Is a Potential Biomarker Linking Dietary Fatty Acid Quality and Insulin Resistance: Results from a Cross-Sectional Study in Northern Italy. Nutrients 2023, 15, 1782. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15071782
Sergi D, Sanz JM, Lazzer S, Brombo G, Zuliani G, Biolo G, Šimunič B, Pišot R, Dalla Nora E, Passaro A. Interleukin-18 Is a Potential Biomarker Linking Dietary Fatty Acid Quality and Insulin Resistance: Results from a Cross-Sectional Study in Northern Italy. Nutrients. 2023; 15(7):1782. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15071782
Chicago/Turabian StyleSergi, Domenico, Juana Maria Sanz, Stefano Lazzer, Gloria Brombo, Giovanni Zuliani, Gianni Biolo, Boštjan Šimunič, Rado Pišot, Edoardo Dalla Nora, and Angelina Passaro. 2023. "Interleukin-18 Is a Potential Biomarker Linking Dietary Fatty Acid Quality and Insulin Resistance: Results from a Cross-Sectional Study in Northern Italy" Nutrients 15, no. 7: 1782. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15071782