Siraitia grosvenorii Residual Extract Inhibits Inflammation in RAW264.7 Macrophages and Attenuates Osteoarthritis Progression in a Rat Model
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. SGRE Preparation and Chemical Profiling of SGRE
2.2. Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Charged Aerosol Detector (UHPLC-CAD) Analysis of SGRE
2.3. Cell Culture and Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation
2.4. Cell Viability Assay
2.5. Measurement of the Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine and Mediator Levels
2.6. Western Blotting
2.7. Induction of MIA-Induced OA in Rats
2.8. Joint Pain Assessment
2.9. Serum Analysis
2.10. Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) Analysis
2.11. Histopathology Analysis
2.12. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Quantification of the Mogroside V Level in SGRE Using UHPLC-CAD
3.2. Effects of SGRE on the Viability of LPS-Induced RAW264.7 Macrophages
3.3. Effect of SGRE on NO Production and the Expression of COX-2 and iNOS in LPS-Induced RAW264.7 Macrophages
3.4. Effect of SGRE on the Levels of Pro-Inflammatory Factors in LPS-Induced RAW264.7 Macrophages
3.5. Effect of SGRE on MAPK Activation in LPS-Induced RAW264.7 Macrophages
3.6. Effect of SGRE on IκB Degradation and NF-κB p65 Phosphorylation in LPS-Induced RAW264.7 Macrophages
3.7. Effects of SGRE on the Hind Paw Weight-Bearing Ratio
3.8. Effects of SGRE on the Mediators and Cytokines Involved in the Inflammatory Response
3.9. Effects of SGRE on Cartilage Degradation in MIA-Induced Rats
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gene | Primer Sequence | |
---|---|---|
IL-1β | Forward | 5′-ACAAGGCTGCCCCGACTAT-3′ |
Reverse | 5′-CTCCTGGTATGAAGTGGCAAATC-3′ | |
IL-6 | Forward | 5′-GCCCTTCAGGAACAGCTATGA-3′ |
Reverse | 5′-TGTCAACAACATCAGTCCCAAGA-3′ | |
TNF-α | Forward | 5′-ACAAGG CTGCCCCGACTAT-3′ |
Reverse | 5′-CTCCTGGTATGAAGTGGCAAATC-3′ | |
MMP-1 | Forward | 5′-CTCCCTTGGACTCACTCATTCTA-3′ |
Reverse | 5′-AGAACATCACCTCTCCCCTAAAC-3′ | |
MMP-9 | Forward | 5′-GCGCCAGCCGACTTATGT-3′ |
Reverse | 5′-AATCCTCTGCCAGCTGTGTGT-3′ | |
MMP-13 | Forward | 5′-ACGTTCAAGGAATCCAGTCTCTCT-3′ |
Reverse | 5′-GGATAGGGCTGGGTCACACTT-3′ | |
SOX-9 | Forward | 5′-CTGAAGGGCTACGACTGGAC-3′ |
Reverse | 5′-TACTGGTCTGCCAGCTTCCT-3′ | |
COL2A1 | Forward | 5′-GCAACAGCAGGTTCACGTACA-3′ |
Reverse | 5′-TCGGTACTCGATGATGGTCTTG-3′ | |
ACAN | Forward | 5′-GAAGTGGCGTCCAAACCAA-3′ |
Reverse | 5′-CGTTCCATTCACCCCTCTCA-3′ | |
GAPDH | Forward | 5′-TGGCCTCCAAGGAGTAAGAAAC-3′ |
Reverse | 5′-CAGCAACTGAGGGCCTCTCT-3′ |
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Lee, Y.M.; Kim, M.; Yuk, H.J.; Kim, S.-H.; Kim, D.-S. Siraitia grosvenorii Residual Extract Inhibits Inflammation in RAW264.7 Macrophages and Attenuates Osteoarthritis Progression in a Rat Model. Nutrients 2023, 15, 1417. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15061417
Lee YM, Kim M, Yuk HJ, Kim S-H, Kim D-S. Siraitia grosvenorii Residual Extract Inhibits Inflammation in RAW264.7 Macrophages and Attenuates Osteoarthritis Progression in a Rat Model. Nutrients. 2023; 15(6):1417. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15061417
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Yun Mi, Misun Kim, Heung Joo Yuk, Seung-Hyung Kim, and Dong-Seon Kim. 2023. "Siraitia grosvenorii Residual Extract Inhibits Inflammation in RAW264.7 Macrophages and Attenuates Osteoarthritis Progression in a Rat Model" Nutrients 15, no. 6: 1417. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15061417