The COVID-19 Pandemic, Rising Inflation, and Their Influence on Dining Out Frequency and Spending
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Source
2.2. Setting
2.3. Study Population
2.4. Dependent Variables
2.5. Independent Variables
2.6. Covariates
2.7. Interaction Term
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Before COVID-19 n = 3084 (90%) | After COVID-19 n = 345 (10%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | n (%) | Mean (Std. Dev) | n (%) | Mean (Std. Dev) |
Weekly Dining Out Frequency (#) | 3.4 (3.2) | 3.5 (3.1) | ||
Weekly Dining Out Spending ($) | 63.9 (62.3) | 82.2 (77.7) | ||
Monthly FAFH Inflation Rate (%) | 3.07 (0.1) | 6.0 (1.0) | ||
Age | 53.0 (16.5) | 52.9 (15.6) | ||
Gender | ||||
Female | 2295(78.8) | 241(71.7) | ||
Male | 616 (21.2) | 95 (28.3) | ||
Health Status | ||||
Poor | 554 (18.8) | 71 (20.9) | ||
Good | 2391 (81.2%) | 269 (79.1) | ||
Household Size | 2.7 (1.6) | 2.6 (1.3) | ||
Race/Ethnicity: | ||||
African American | 242 (8.2) | 41 (12.3) | ||
Hispanic | 1107 (37.5) | 74 (22.2) | ||
Other Race/Ethnicity | 132 (4.5) | 10 (3.0) | ||
White | 1468 (49.8) | 209 (62.6) |
Model 1 (n = 2611) | Model 2 (n = 2522) | Model 3 (n = 2611) | Model 4 (n = 2522) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Model 1. a Dining out frequency for those who dined out at least one time per week | Model 1.b No dining out in the past week | Money Spent on dining out in the past week | Model 3.a Dining out frequency for those who dined out at least one time per week with interaction variable | Model 3.b No dining out in the past week with interaction variable | Money spent on dining out in the past week including an interaction variable |
After the COVID-19 Pandemic | 0.19 * | 0.82 | −0.21 | 0.19 * | −2.82 | 1.03 |
(0.09) | (1.03) | (0.23) | (0.09) | (3.61) | (0.75) | |
FAFH Inflation Rate | −0.07 ** | −0.34 | 0.08 | −0.07 ** | −1.23 | 0.38 * |
(0.03) | (0.38) | (0.07) | (0.03) | (0.92) | (0.19) | |
Age | −0.01 *** | 0.01 | −0.57 *** | −0.01 *** | 0.01 | −0.57 *** |
(0.00) | (0.01) | (0.08) | (0.00) | (0.01) | (0.08) | |
Gender: Female (ref: Male) | −0.22 *** | −0.56 | −11.18 *** | −0.22 *** | −0.55 | −11.17 *** |
(0.02) | (0.29) | (2.88) | (0.02) | (0.29) | (2.88) | |
Good Health Status (ref: Poor Health Status) | −0.07 * | −0.03 | −7.85 * | −0.07 * | −0.02 | −7.85 * |
(0.03) | (0.36) | (3.26) | (0.03) | (0.36) | (3.26) | |
Household Size | −0.03 *** | −0.81 *** | 6.86 *** | −0.03 *** | −0.77 *** | 6.86 *** |
(0.01) | (0.24) | (0.89) | (0.01) | (0.23) | (0.89) | |
Race/Ethnicity (ref: White) | ||||||
Hispanic | 0.02 | −0.50 | −9.43 ** | 0.02 | −0.53 | −9.42 ** |
(0.03) | (0.43) | (2.90) | (0.03) | (0.42) | (2.90) | |
African American | −0.07 | 0.79 * | −15.42 *** | −0.07 | 0.75 | −15.41 *** |
(0.04) | (0.39) | (4.62) | (0.04) | (0.39) | (4.62) | |
Other Race/Ethnicity | −0.11 | 1.25 ** | −20.02 ** | −0.11 | 1.27 ** | −20.02 ** |
(0.06) | (0.46) | (6.19) | (0.06) | (0.45) | (6.19) | |
COVID−19* FAFH Inflation Rate | 1.05 | −0.35 | ||||
(0.99) | (0.20) | |||||
Constant | 2.23 *** | −0.64 | 98.92 *** | 2.23 *** | 2.07 | −0.33 |
(0.11) | (1.48) | (7.56) | (0.11) | (2.94) | (0.57) | |
athrho | −0.04 | −0.04 | ||||
(0.13) | (0.13) | |||||
lnsigma | 4.12 *** | 4.12 *** | ||||
(0.01) | (0.01) | |||||
Vuong | 4.38 *** | |||||
Model Fit Statistics: | ||||||
AIC | 13,249.22 | 31,156.94 | 13,250.13 | 31,155.9 | ||
BIC | 13,366.57 | 31,235.74 | 13,373.34 | 31,240.76 |
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Gao, J.; Keenan, O.E.; Johnson, A.S.; Wilhelm, C.A.; Paul, R.; Racine, E.F. The COVID-19 Pandemic, Rising Inflation, and Their Influence on Dining Out Frequency and Spending. Nutrients 2023, 15, 1373. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15061373
Gao J, Keenan OE, Johnson AS, Wilhelm CA, Paul R, Racine EF. The COVID-19 Pandemic, Rising Inflation, and Their Influence on Dining Out Frequency and Spending. Nutrients. 2023; 15(6):1373. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15061373
Chicago/Turabian StyleGao, Jingjing, Odessa E. Keenan, Abbey S. Johnson, Carissa A. Wilhelm, Rajib Paul, and Elizabeth F. Racine. 2023. "The COVID-19 Pandemic, Rising Inflation, and Their Influence on Dining Out Frequency and Spending" Nutrients 15, no. 6: 1373. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15061373
APA StyleGao, J., Keenan, O. E., Johnson, A. S., Wilhelm, C. A., Paul, R., & Racine, E. F. (2023). The COVID-19 Pandemic, Rising Inflation, and Their Influence on Dining Out Frequency and Spending. Nutrients, 15(6), 1373. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15061373