Aerobic Exercise Ameliorates Myocardial Fibrosis via Affecting Vitamin D Receptor and Transforming Growth Factor-β1 Signaling in Vitamin D-Deficient Mice
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Animals
2.2. Exercise Program
2.3. Body Weight and Body Composition
2.4. Echocardiography
2.5. Serum Biochemical Testing
2.6. Morphology
2.7. Quantitative Real-Time PCR
2.8. Western Blotting
2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. The Modeling of Vitamin D-Deficient Mice
3.2. Effect of Aerobic Exercise Training on the Serum 25(OH)D Levels, Body Weight, Lean Mass and Body Fat Rate of Vitamin D-Deficient Mice
3.3. Aerobic Exercise Training Caused Myocardial Hypertrophy in Vitamin D-Deficient Mice
3.4. Aerobic Exercise Training Improved Cardiac Function in Vitamin D-Deficient Mice
3.5. Effect of Aerobic Exercise Training on the Myocardial Morphology of Vitamin D-Deficient Mice
3.6. Aerobic Exercise Training Upregulated Myocardial VDR Expression in Vitamin D-Deficient Mice
3.7. Aerobic Exercise Training Downregulated Myocardial Fibrotic Factors Expression in Vitamin D-Deficient Mice
3.8. Aerobic Exercise Training Inhibited TGF-β1-Smad2/3 Pathway in Vitamin D-Deficient Mice
3.9. Aerobic Exercise Training Downregulated Inflammatory Factors Expression in Vitamin D-Deficient Mice
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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CONS | VDDS | VDDE | |
---|---|---|---|
HW/TL (mg/mm) | 7.44 ± 0.61 | 7.65 ± 0.72 | 8.65 ± 0.85 *# |
LVW/TL (mg/mm) | 2.87 ± 0.34 | 3.00 ± 0.19 | 3.48 ± 0.38 **# |
CONS | VDDS | VDDE | |
---|---|---|---|
Ca (mmol/L) | 1.68 (1.63, 1.70) | 1.67 ± 0.04 | 1.66 (1.56, 1.69) |
P (mmol/L) | 1.97 ± 0.46 | 2.15 ± 0.33 | 2.26 ± 0.32 |
HDL-C (mmol/L) | 4.10 ± 0.47 | 3.74 ± 0.50 | 3.84 ± 0.21 |
LDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.18 ± 0.44 | 0.87 ± 0.64 | 1.32 ± 0.43 |
TG (mmol/L) | 1.12 ± 0.17 | 1.28 ± 0.17 | 1.14 ± 0.16 |
TC (mmol/L) | 2.65 ± 0.42 | 2.71 ± 0.30 | 2.81 ± 0.33 |
PTH (ng/L) | 210.52 ± 51.03 | 178.19 ± 50.39 | 225.74 ± 30.16 |
INS (ng/L) | 22.40 ± 4.27 | 22.96 ± 7.37 | 21.32 ± 4.85 |
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Cui, X.; Wang, K.; Zhang, J.; Cao, Z.-B. Aerobic Exercise Ameliorates Myocardial Fibrosis via Affecting Vitamin D Receptor and Transforming Growth Factor-β1 Signaling in Vitamin D-Deficient Mice. Nutrients 2023, 15, 741. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15030741
Cui X, Wang K, Zhang J, Cao Z-B. Aerobic Exercise Ameliorates Myocardial Fibrosis via Affecting Vitamin D Receptor and Transforming Growth Factor-β1 Signaling in Vitamin D-Deficient Mice. Nutrients. 2023; 15(3):741. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15030741
Chicago/Turabian StyleCui, Xiaoning, Ke Wang, Jinghua Zhang, and Zhen-Bo Cao. 2023. "Aerobic Exercise Ameliorates Myocardial Fibrosis via Affecting Vitamin D Receptor and Transforming Growth Factor-β1 Signaling in Vitamin D-Deficient Mice" Nutrients 15, no. 3: 741. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15030741