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10.3390/nu15030688
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Article

Sun Exposure Score and Vitamin D Levels in Moroccan Women of Childbearing Age

by
Ilham Lhilali
1,2,
Noura Zouine
1,2,
Aziza Menouni
1,3,
Lode Godderis
3,4,
Marie-Paule Kestemont
5,
Adil El Midaoui
6,7,*,
Samir El Jaafari
1 and
Younes Filali-Zegzouti
1,8
1
Cluster of Competence Environment and Health, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes 50000, Morocco
2
Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques, Meknes 50000, Morocco
3
Health and Environment Unit, Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
4
IDEWE, External Service for Prevention and Protection at Work, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
5
Statistic Unit, Louvain School of Management, University Catholique of Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
6
Faculty of Sciences and Techniques Errachidia, Moulay Ismail University of Meknes, Errachidia 52000, Morocco
7
Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
8
BASE Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques Errachidia, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes 50000, Morocco
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Nutrients 2023, 15(3), 688; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15030688
Submission received: 14 December 2022 / Revised: 22 January 2023 / Accepted: 23 January 2023 / Published: 29 January 2023
(This article belongs to the Section Lipids)
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Abstract

Sunlight exposure is an essential source of vitamin D for many humans. However, hypovitaminosis D is a global public health problem. This study aimed to develop and validate a sun exposure score (SES) and correlate it with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in women of childbearing age. One hundred and sixty women aged 18 to 45 years residing in Meknes, Morocco, were included. A questionnaire estimating the sun exposure score and blood analysis of serum 25-OHD concentration were performed. The questionnaire’s reliability and construct validity were evaluated using Cronbach’s alpha and factor analysis. Spearman’s test was used to assess the correlation between SES and 25-OHD levels. The score’s reliability and construct validity were good, with Cronbach’s alpha values >0.70 and factorial saturation ranging from 0.696 to 0.948. Serum 25-OHD levels were significantly associated with the total sun exposure score, and all SES domains (Rho was 0.615 (p < 0.0001), 0.307 (p < 0.0001), 0.605 (p < 0.0001), and 0.424 (p < 0.0001) for total SES, indoor exposure domain, outdoor exposure domain, and sun protection practice domain, respectively). In addition, median 25-OHD levels increased significantly when sun exposure was changed from insufficient to sufficient (p < 0.0001). The results suggest that the sun exposure score could be used as a clinical tool to assess vitamin D levels in women of childbearing age.
Keywords: sun exposure score; vitamin D deficiency sun exposure score; vitamin D deficiency

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MDPI and ACS Style

Lhilali, I.; Zouine, N.; Menouni, A.; Godderis, L.; Kestemont, M.-P.; El Midaoui, A.; El Jaafari, S.; Filali-Zegzouti, Y. Sun Exposure Score and Vitamin D Levels in Moroccan Women of Childbearing Age. Nutrients 2023, 15, 688. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15030688

AMA Style

Lhilali I, Zouine N, Menouni A, Godderis L, Kestemont M-P, El Midaoui A, El Jaafari S, Filali-Zegzouti Y. Sun Exposure Score and Vitamin D Levels in Moroccan Women of Childbearing Age. Nutrients. 2023; 15(3):688. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15030688

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lhilali, Ilham, Noura Zouine, Aziza Menouni, Lode Godderis, Marie-Paule Kestemont, Adil El Midaoui, Samir El Jaafari, and Younes Filali-Zegzouti. 2023. "Sun Exposure Score and Vitamin D Levels in Moroccan Women of Childbearing Age" Nutrients 15, no. 3: 688. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15030688

APA Style

Lhilali, I., Zouine, N., Menouni, A., Godderis, L., Kestemont, M.-P., El Midaoui, A., El Jaafari, S., & Filali-Zegzouti, Y. (2023). Sun Exposure Score and Vitamin D Levels in Moroccan Women of Childbearing Age. Nutrients, 15(3), 688. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15030688

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